📚 Year 11 SQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | 英国11年级SQA工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is the first step to excelling in SQA Engineering Science. This bilingual guide breaks down the essential vocabulary from the National 5 and Higher curriculum into clear definitions, real‑world examples and memory hooks that work across both English and Chinese. Use it as a daily drill, a revision checklist or a quick reference before the exam.
掌握工程术语是在SQA工程科学中脱颖而出的第一步。这份双语指南将National 5与Higher课程中的核心词汇分解为清晰的定义、实际案例和适用于中英双语的记忆钩子。可以用作每日操练、复习清单或考前速查。
1. Materials & Mechanical Properties | 材料与力学性能
Density is the mass per unit volume of a material, usually measured in kg/m³. A high‑density metal like steel stores more mass in a small space, making it heavy but strong. Memorise it as ‘crowded particles’—the closer the atoms, the denser the material.
密度是单位体积的质量，通常以kg/m³计量。像钢这样的高密度金属在狭小空间内储存更多质量，又重又强。记住“微粒拥挤”——原子越紧密，材料密度越大。
Hardness resists indentation or scratching. Diamond is extremely hard, while chalk is soft. Think of hardness as ‘surface armour’—the harder the surface, the less likely a sharp tool will leave a mark. In tests, hardness links to wear resistance in cutting tools.
硬度抵抗压痕或刮擦。金刚石极硬，粉笔很软。把硬度想成“表面盔甲”——表面越硬，尖锐工具越难留下痕迹。考试中，硬度常与切削工具的耐磨性关联。
Toughness measures how much energy a material can absorb before fracturing. Rubber is tough because it stretches without snapping. Remember ‘tough = energy sponge’—it soaks up impact. Compare with hardness: glass is hard but not tough, it shatters easily.
韧性衡量材料在断裂前能吸收多少能量。橡胶韧性好，因为它拉伸而不断裂。记住“韧=能量海绵”——能吸收冲击。与硬度对比：玻璃硬但不韧，易碎。
Elasticity is the ability to return to original shape after a load is removed. A spring shows high elasticity. Link the word with ‘elastic band’—snap back to shape. Beyond the elastic limit, permanent deformation occurs, a key concept for yield point.
弹性指卸除载荷后恢复原状的能力。弹簧表现出高弹性。将词与“橡皮筋”关联——弹回形状。超过弹性极限会发生永久变形，这是屈服点的关键概念。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Machining removes material using cutting tools—turning, milling, drilling. The process creates chips and requires a harder tool than the workpiece. Visualise a lathe peeling metal like an apple: ‘chip by chip, shape emerges’.
机加工使用切削刀具去除材料——车削、铣削、钻孔。过程产生切屑，并要求刀具比工件更硬。想象车床像削苹果一样剥离金属：“一片一片，形状显现”。
Forming reshapes metal without removing material—bending, forging, rolling. The volume stays the same; think of Play-Doh pressed into a mould. The key sentence: ‘Forming moves mass, machining removes mass.’
成形在不移除材料的情况下重塑金属——弯曲、锻造、轧制。体积保持不变；可想象橡皮泥压入模具。关键句式：“成形移动质量，机加工去除质量”。
Casting pours molten metal into a mould cavity. Sand casting and die casting are common. Remember the flow of liquid filling a shape, then cooling. The term ‘casting’ shares the idea with ‘broadcasting’—spreading into a defined zone.
铸造将熔融金属浇入模具空腔。砂型铸造和压铸常见。记住液体流动填充形状然后冷却。“铸造”一词与“广播”共享扩散到限定区域的意象。
Joining covers welding, brazing, soldering, and adhesives. Welding fuses parent metals; soldering uses a lower‑melting filler. Think ‘join = bridge between parts’. Electrical safety often requires proper soldering on PCBs.
连接涵盖焊接、钎焊、锡焊和粘合。焊接熔化母材；锡焊使用低熔点填料。回想“连接=部件间的桥梁”。PCB上的电气安全通常需要正确的锡焊。
3. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Tension is a pulling force that stretches a member. A rope in a tug‑of‑war experiences tension. Say ‘tension tightens’—it tries to make the material longer and thinner.
拉力是一种拉伸构件的拉力。拔河中的绳子承受拉力。说“拉力拉紧”——它试图让材料变得更长更薄。
Compression pushes particles together, shortening the member. A pillar supporting a roof is in compression. ‘Compression crushes’—think of a can being squashed. Momentarily, steel is strong in both tension and compression, which makes it ideal for frames.
压力将微粒推挤，缩短构件。支撑屋顶的柱子承受压力。“压力压碎”——想象易拉罐被压扁。钢在拉力和压力时均强，这使得它成为框架的理想材料。
Shear happens when two opposite forces act parallel to a cross section, like scissors cutting paper. ‘Shear slices’—the top and bottom try to slide past each other. In engineering, bolts can fail in shear if overloaded.
剪切当两股相反力平行于横截面作用时发生，像剪刀剪纸。“剪切切片”——顶部和底部试图彼此滑过。工程中，螺栓过载时会因剪切而失效。
Moment is a turning effect equal to force × perpendicular distance (M = F × d). Use the phrase ‘moment makes rotation’. A longer spanner gives a bigger moment, making it easier to turn a nut—an everyday application of leverage.
力矩是转动效应，等于力×垂直距离（M = F × d）。用“力矩产生转动”这句话。更长的扳手给出更大力矩，更容易拧动螺母——杠杆原理的日常应用。
4. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
Lever amplifies force or distance. Classified as first, second or third class depending on the pivot, effort and load positions. Poem: ‘FLE’—Fulcrum, Load, Effort; the middle item tells the class. In a crowbar, the fulcrum is between effort and load (first class).
杠杆放大力量或距离。根据支点、施力点和负载位置分为一、二、三类。口诀：“FLE”——支点、负载、施力；中间项决定类别。撬棍中支点在施力与负载之间（第一类）。
Gear ratio is the number of teeth on the driven gear divided by teeth on the driver. A ratio greater than 1 reduces speed and increases torque. ‘Teeth trade speed for strength’—more teeth on the output means more muscle but less pace.
齿轮比是从动轮齿数除以主动轮齿数。比值大于1降低速度、增大扭矩。“齿数以速度换力量”——输出端齿数越多，力量越大但速度越慢。
Pulley system changes the direction of a force and multiplies effort with multiple rope segments. The mechanical advantage equals the number of supporting ropes. ‘Ropes share the load’—more ropes mean less effort needed.
滑轮组改变力的方向并通过多股绳索倍增作用力。机械利益等于支持绳索的数目。“绳索分担负载”——绳索越多所需努力越小。
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is oscillatory motion where acceleration is proportional to displacement and directed towards the equilibrium. Pendulums and mass‑spring systems exhibit SHM. ‘Spring back and forth, acceleration points home’—towards the midpoint.
简谐运动 (SHM)是一种往复运动，加速度与位移成正比并指向平衡位置。摆和质量弹簧系统表现出SHM。“弹簧来回，加速度指向家”——朝向中点。
5. Electrical Fundamentals | 电气基础
Voltage (V) is the electrical pressure that pushes charge through a circuit. Measured in volts. Think of a battery as a pump: higher voltage, harder push. ‘Voltage is the push, current is the flow’—never confuse the two.
电压 (V)是推动电荷流过电路的电压力，以伏特计量。把电池想象成水泵：电压越高，推力越强。“电压是推力，电流是流量”——永远不要混淆二者。
Current (I) is the rate of charge flow, measured in amperes (amps). Conventional current flows from positive to negative outside the source. ‘Current carries energy’—more amps can mean brighter bulbs, but also hotter wires.
电流 (I)是电荷流动的速率，以安培计量。常规电流在电源外部由正流向负。“电流承载能量”——安培越大灯泡越亮，但导线也更热。
Resistance (R) opposes current, turning electrical energy into heat. Ohm’s Law: V = I × R. A resistor is like a narrow pipe—more resistance reduces flow. Remember ‘resistance restricts’. High resistance can be intentional (a heater) or unwanted (faulty connection).
电阻 (R)阻碍电流，将电能转化为热。欧姆定律：V = I × R。电阻器像狭窄的管道——电阻越大，流量越小。记住“电阻限制”。高电阻可以是故意的（加热器）或非预期的（接触不良）。
Power (P) in electrical terms is Voltage × Current (P = V × I), measured in watts. It tells how much energy is transferred per second. ‘Power is the product of push and flow’—a high‑wattage device needs both high voltage and high current.
电功率 (P)在电学中为电压×电流（P = V × I），以瓦特计量。它表示每秒转化的能量。“功率是推力与流量的乘积”——高瓦数器件需要高电压和高电流。
6. Electronic Components & Circuits | 电子元件与电路
Diode allows current in only one direction—forward biased it conducts, reverse biased it blocks. Symbol has an arrow pointing towards the n‑side. ‘One‑way street for electrons’—ideal for rectification, turning AC into DC.
二极管只允许电流单向通过——正向偏置导通，反向偏置阻断。符号中的箭头指向n侧。“电子的单行道”——适用于整流，将交流变为直流。
Transistor acts as a switch or amplifier. A small base current controls a larger collector‑emitter current. NPN and PNP are the two types. Think ‘tiny current gatekeeper for a big river’—the base current opens the floodgate.
晶体管用作开关或放大器。微小的基极电流控制较大的集电极‑发射极电流。有NPN和PNP两种类型。想象“小电流闸门守护大河”——基极电流打开泄洪门。
Capacitor stores energy in an electric field, blocking DC but passing AC. Capacitance is measured in farads (microfarads typical). ‘Charge sponge, voltage damper’—it smooths ripples in power supplies and couples signals.
电容器在电场中储存能量，隔断直流而通过交流。电容以法拉（常用微法）计量。“电荷海绵，电压缓冲器”——在电源中平滑纹波并耦合信号。
Potential divider uses two resistors to produce a fraction of the input voltage. Vout = Vin × (R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)). The concept is ubiquitous in sensor circuits, such as a light‑dependent resistor (LDR) divider. ‘Proportional voltage tap’—it divides voltage without active parts.
分压器用两个电阻产生输入电压的一部分。Vout = Vin × (R₂ / (R₁ + R₂))。该概念广泛用于传感器电路，例如光敏电阻分压器。“比例电压抽头”——无需有源器件即可分配电压。
7. Energy, Power & Thermodynamics | 能源、动力与热力学
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of particles in a substance. Heating raises internal energy; cooling lowers it. ‘Particle jiggle and bond stash’—microscopic motion plus forces between particles.
内能是物质中粒子动能和势能的总和。加热升高内能，冷却降低内能。“粒子抖动与键能储”——微观运动加上粒子间的作用力。
Efficiency = useful energy output ÷ total energy input. Expressed as a percentage. No machine is 100 % efficient due to friction, sound and heat losses. ‘Every joule lost is efficiency ghost’—aim for higher efficiency by reducing waste.
效率=有用能量输出÷总能量输入。以百分比表示。因摩擦、声音和热量损失，没有机器是100 %效率的。“每一焦耳损失都是效率幽灵”——通过减少浪费追求更高效率。
Renewable vs non‑renewable: solar, wind, hydro are renewable; coal, oil, natural gas are fossil fuels that cannot be replenished on a human timescale. ‘Renewable returns, non‑renewable burns once’—designing sustainably is a key engineering ethic.
可再生 vs 不可再生：太阳能、风能、水能可再生；煤、石油、天然气是在人类时间尺度上无法补充的化石燃料。“可再生的会回归，不可再生的一次烧尽”——可持续设计是关键的工程伦理。
Thermal conductivity measures how well a material transfers heat. Metals have high thermal conductivity; insulators like polystyrene have low. ‘Heat highway’—copper is a superhighway, foam is a dirt track. This matches electrical conductivity trends.
导热性衡量材料传热的优劣。金属导热性高；聚苯乙烯等隔热材料导热性低。“热公路”——铜是高速公路，泡沫是土路。这与导电性趋势一致。
8. Control Systems | 控制系统
Open‑loop control has no feedback: input → process → output, like a toaster set to a timer. It cannot correct errors. ‘Fire and forget’—once started, it runs without checking the outcome. Simple but less accurate.
开环控制无反馈：输入→过程→输出，如设定定时器的烤面包机。无法纠正错误。“发射后不管”——一旦启动，就不检查结果。简单但精度较低。
Closed‑loop control uses feedback from sensors to adjust the process. A thermostat maintaining room temperature is a classic example. ‘Sense, compare, correct’—the loop constantly brings the output closer to the set point.
闭环控制利用传感器反馈来调整过程。恒温器维持室温是经典例子。“感知、比较、纠正”——环路不断使输出趋近设定值。
Microcontroller is a compact computer on a single chip, used in embedded systems. Arduino and PIC are common platforms. It reads inputs (switches, sensors), runs programmed logic, and controls outputs (LEDs, motors). ‘Tiny brain with legs’—pins connect it to the outside world.
微控制器是单芯片上的紧凑型计算机，用于嵌入式系统。Arduino和PIC是常见平台。它读取输入（开关、传感器），运行编程逻辑，控制输出（LED、电机）。“有脚的小大脑”——引脚将其连接到外部世界。
ADC (analogue‑to‑digital converter) turns a continuous voltage into a binary number. Resolution is measured in bits; a 10‑bit ADC gives 1024 levels. ‘Smoothing real world into digital steps’—critical for reading analogue sensors.
模数转换器 (ADC)将连续的电压转换为二进制数。分辨率以位计量；10位ADC给出1024级。“将真实世界平滑为数字台阶”——对于读取模拟传感器至关重要。
9. Health & Safety in Engineering | 工程健康与安全
Risk assessment identifies hazards, evaluates the likelihood and severity of harm, and introduces control measures. The five steps: identify, decide who may be harmed, evaluate risks, record findings, review. ‘Spot, judge, fix, write, revisit’—a continuous loop of safety.
风险评估识别危险，评估伤害的可能性和严重性，并引入控制措施。五个步骤：识别、确定谁可能受伤害、评价风险、记录结果、审查。“发现、判断、修正、记录、重访”——持续的安全循环。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) includes goggles, gloves, steel‑toe boots, helmets, ear defenders. It is the last line of defence after engineering controls. ‘Wear your shield’—PPE does not remove the hazard but protects the worker.
个人防护装备 (PPE)包括护目镜、手套、钢头靴、安全帽、耳罩。这是工程控制措施之后的最后一道防线。“戴上你的盾牌”——PPE不消除危害，但保护作业人员。
Manual handling involves lifting, carrying, pushing or pulling loads. Safe technique: keep the load close, bend knees, straight back. ‘Lift with legs, not back’—reduces spinal injuries. Engineering workshops often use hoists and trolleys to minimise manual handling.
人工搬运涉及提举、搬运、推拉重物。安全技巧：使重物贴近身体，弯膝，直背。“用腿而非用背提举”——减少脊柱损伤。工程车间常用吊车和推车来最小化人工搬运。
COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations require employers to control substances like solvents, dusts, fumes. Ventilation, storage, and safety data sheets are key. ‘Handle with care, know the chemical’s story’—read the label before use.
有害健康物质控制规程 (COSHH)要求雇主控制溶剂、粉尘、烟雾等物质。通风、储存和安全数据表是关键。“小心处理，了解化学品的来历”——使用前阅读标签。
10. Engineering Drawings & Communication | 工程图纸与交流
Orthographic projection shows a 3D object through multiple 2D views—front, side, plan—aligned horizontally and vertically. ‘Unfold the shape’—imagine a glass box around the object projecting lines onto each face. Vital for manufacturing without ambiguity.
正投影通过多个二维视图——正视图、侧视图、俯视图——水平与垂直对齐，展示三维物体。“展开形状”——想象物体周围有一个玻璃盒，将线条投射到每个面上。对无歧义制造至关重要。
Isometric drawing presents a 3D view with axes at 120° to each other. No perspective; lines remain parallel. ’30° is your magic angle’—draw verticals upright, horizontals at 30° to the horizontal. Gives a quick visual comprehension.
等轴测图以彼此成120°的轴线呈现三维视图。无透视；线条保持平行。“30°是你的魔角”——垂直线竖直画，水平线按30°倾斜。提供快速的视觉理解。
Tolerance is the permissible variation in a dimension, e.g. 25 mm ± 0.1 mm. A tighter tolerance costs more to manufacture but ensures parts fit together. ‘Engineers paint with imperfection’—absolute perfection is unattainable, so we define acceptable ranges.
公差是尺寸允许的变动量，例如25 mm ± 0.1 mm。更紧的公差制造成本更高，但确保零件配合。“工程师用不完美作画”——绝对完美不可得，因此我们定义可接受的范围。
CAD (Computer‑Aided Design) uses software to create precise 2D and 3D models. From AutoCAD to Fusion 360, CAD allows simulation before a prototype is built. ‘Digital twin before real birth’—reduce errors and iterate faster.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD)使用软件创建精确的二维和三维模型。从AutoCAD到Fusion 360，CAD允许在原型制造前进行仿真。“真实诞生前的数字孪生”——减少错误，更快迭代。
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