📚 Year 11 WJEC Accounting: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 WJEC 会计：词汇术语速记指南
Are you tired of mixing up assets with liabilities or confusing debits with credits? This quick memorisation guide breaks down the essential terminology you need for your WJEC Year 11 Accounting exam. Each term is paired with a clear definition, a practical example, and a memorable hook so that you can recall the correct meaning instantly when under pressure.
你是否厌倦了混淆资产与负债，或者分不清借方和贷方？这份速记指南将 WJEC 11 年级会计考试所需的关键术语分解得清晰明了。每个术语都配有清晰的定义、实际示例和令人难忘的挂钩，让你在压力之下也能立即回忆出正确的含义。
1. Assets, Liabilities and Equity | 资产、负债与权益
An asset is a resource controlled by the business as a result of past events, from which future economic benefits are expected to flow. In simple terms, assets are what the business owns or has a right to use. Common examples include land, machinery, inventory, cash and trade receivables.
资产是企业因过去事项而控制的资源，预期将带来未来经济利益。简单来说，资产是企业拥有或有权使用的东西。常见例子包括土地、机器、存货、现金和应收账款。
A liability is a present obligation arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of resources. Liabilities represent what the business owes to others, such as bank loans, trade payables and overdrafts.
负债是由过去事项产生的现时义务，其清偿预计会导致资源流出。负债代表企业欠他人的款项，例如银行贷款、应付账款和透支。
Equity (also called capital) is the residual interest in the assets after deducting all liabilities. It reflects the owner’s stake in the business. Equity increases when the business makes a profit or the owner injects more cash, and decreases with drawings or losses.
权益（又称资本）是扣除所有负债后对资产的剩余权益。它反映所有者在企业中的权益。当企业盈利或所有者注入更多现金时，权益增加；而提款或亏损则使权益减少。
Memory hook: Visualise the formula A = L + C. Think of it as ‘An Apple equals a Lemon plus a Cake’. The lemon is what you owe, the cake is your slice after paying debts. The accounting equation Assets = Capital + Liabilities must always balance, just like a seesaw.
记忆挂钩：想象公式 A = L + C。把它想成“一个苹果（Asset）等于一个柠檬（Liability）加一块蛋糕（Capital）”。柠檬是你欠的，蛋糕是还债后你的部分。会计等式 资产 = 资本 + 负债 必须永远平衡，就像跷跷板一样。
| Category | Examples (英文) | 例子 (中文) |
|---|---|---|
| Non-current asset | Land & buildings, machinery, motor vehicles | 土地和房屋、机器、机动车辆 |
| Current asset | Inventory, trade receivables, cash, prepayments | 存货、应收账款、现金、预付费用 |
| Current liability | Trade payables, bank overdraft, accruals | 应付账款、银行透支、应计费用 |
| Non-current liability | Long-term loan, mortgage | 长期贷款、抵押贷款 |
2. Income and Expenses | 收入与费用
Income (often called revenue) is the inflow of economic benefits during a period, arising from the ordinary activities of a business. For a trading firm, revenue mainly comes from selling goods; for a service business, it comes from fees. Income increases equity.
收入（常称营业收入）是在某一期间内，由企业日常活动产生的经济利益的流入。对贸易企业来说，收入主要来自销售商品；服务企业则来自服务费。收入会增加权益。
Expenses are decreases in economic benefits, incurred in generating income or running the business. Examples include rent, wages, electricity, depreciation and cost of sales. Expenses reduce equity and are recorded on the debit side.
费用是为创造收入或经营业务而发生经济利益的减少。例子包括租金、工资、电费、折旧和销货成本。费用会减少权益，并记录在借方。
A simple way to remember: Income is like money flowing into your wallet, expenses are like money leaking out. The difference is profit. If income exceeds expenses, you earn a profit; if expenses exceed income, you suffer a loss.
简单记忆法：收入就像钱流进你的钱包，费用就像钱从钱包漏出去。两者之差就是利润。如果收入大于费用，你获得利润；如果费用大于收入，你遭受亏损。
The income statement is built on this relationship, often shown as:
Profit/Loss = Total Income − Total Expenses
利润表就建立在这个关系之上，常表示为：利润/亏损 = 总收入 − 总费用
3. Debits and Credits | 借方与贷方
A debit (Dr) is an entry on the left side of an account; a credit (Cr) is an entry on the right side. In double-entry bookkeeping, every financial transaction affects at least two accounts, with total debits always equalling total credits.
借方 (Dr) 是账户左边的分录；贷方 (Cr) 是账户右边的分录。在复式记账中，每笔财务交易至少影响两个账户，借方总额永远等于贷方总额。
To decide whether an account is debited or credited, use the mnemonic DEAD CLIC:
要判断一个账户是借记还是贷记，请使用助记词 DEAD CLIC：
- Debit: Expenses, Assets, Drawings
借记：费用、资产、提款 - Credit: Liabilities, Income, Capital
贷记：负债、收入、资本
For example, when a business buys inventory with cash, you debit Inventory (an asset increases) and credit Cash (an asset decreases). When you sell goods on credit, you debit Trade Receivables and credit Sales Revenue.
例如，企业用现金购买存货时，借记存货（资产增加），贷记现金（资产减少）。赊销商品时，借记应收账款，贷记销售收入。
Another popular clue: ‘Debit the receiver, credit the giver’ works for personal accounts. Practise by drawing T-accounts until the movement becomes automatic.
另一个流行线索：“借进贷出，借记接收方，贷记给予方”适用于人名账户。通过画T型账户练习，直到动作变得自动化。
4. The Accounting Equation in Action | 会计等式实战
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
The equation shows that everything the business owns (assets) is financed either by the owner (capital) or by outsiders (liabilities). Any transaction can be analysed using this framework.
等式表明，企业拥有的一切（资产）要么由所有者（资本）提供资金，要么由外部（负债）提供资金。任何交易都可以用这个框架进行分析。
For instance, if the owner introduces RM10,000 cash, assets (cash) increase by RM10,000 and capital increases by RM10,000. If the business later borrows RM5,000 from a bank, cash rises by RM5,000 and liabilities (loan) rise by RM5,000. The equation stays in balance.
例如，如果所有者投入 10,000 林吉特现金，资产（现金）增加 10,000，资本增加 10,000。如果企业后来向银行贷款 5,000 林吉特，现金增加 5,000，负债（贷款）增加 5,000。等式保持平衡。
Purchase of a van for RM8,000 cash: assets increase (vehicle +8,000) and decrease (cash -8,000) — net assets unchanged. This demonstrates the dual effect principle.
用现金 8,000 林吉特购买货车：资产增加（车辆 +8,000）同时减少（现金 -8,000）——净资产不变。这体现了双重影响原则。
Use the equation as a mental checklist whenever you record a transaction: ask yourself ‘What increased? What decreased? Is the equation still balanced?’
每当你记录交易时，将等式作为心理检查清单：问自己“什么增加了？什么减少了？等式仍然平衡吗？”
5. Current vs Non-current Classification | 流动与非流动分类
Assets are classified as current if they are expected to be turned into cash, sold or consumed within the business’s normal operating cycle, typically within 12 months. All other assets are non-current.
如果资产预期在企业正常营业周期内（通常在 12 个月内）变成现金、被出售或被消耗，则归类为流动资产。所有其他资产归为非流动资产。
Typical current assets: cash at bank, trade receivables, inventory and short-term prepayments. Non-current assets: property, plant and equipment, long-term investments, intangible assets like goodwill.
典型流动资产：银行存款、应收账款、存货和短期预付费用。非流动资产：不动产、厂房和设备，长期投资，以及商誉等无形资产。
Liabilities are current if they are due to be settled within 12 months, such as trade payables, bank overdraft and accrued expenses. Non-current liabilities are obligations falling due after more than one year, mainly long-term loans and mortgages.
如果负债应在 12 个月内偿还，则归为流动负债，例如应付账款、银行透支和应计费用。非流动负债是指超过一年到期的义务，主要是长期贷款和抵押贷款。
Remember the order of liquidity: the most liquid asset, cash, appears first under current assets. Think of it as a waterfall — cash flows fastest, then receivables, then inventory. The same concept applies when preparing the statement of financial position.
记住流动性顺序：最具流动性的资产——现金，出现在流动资产的首位。把它想象成瀑布——现金流动最快，然后是应收账款，然后是存货。编制财务状况表时也适用同样的概念。
6. Depreciation | 折旧
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of a non-current asset over its useful life. It matches the cost of the asset to the revenue it helps generate. Land is generally not depreciated, but buildings, machinery and vehicles are.
折旧是将非流动资产成本在其使用寿命内系统地分摊的过程。它将资产成本与它帮助创造的收入相匹配。土地通常不折旧，但建筑物、机器和车辆要折旧。
The most common method at this level is the straight-line method:
Annual Depreciation = (Cost − Residual Value) ÷ Useful Life
现阶段最常用的方法是直线法：年折旧额 = （成本 − 残值）÷ 使用寿命
For example, equipment costs RM50,000, has a residual value of RM5,000 and a useful life of 5 years. Annual depreciation = (50,000 − 5,000) ÷ 5 = RM9,000. Each year you charge RM9,000 as an expense and reduce the asset’s carrying amount.
例如，设备成本 50,000 林吉特，残值 5,000 林吉特，使用寿命 5 年。每年折旧 = (50,000 − 5,000) ÷ 5 = 9,000 林吉特。每年你计提 9,000 林吉特作为费用，并减少资产的账面金额。
Depreciation is recorded by debiting Depreciation Expense and crediting Accumulated Depreciation — a contra-asset account that offsets the asset on the statement of financial position. This keeps the original cost visible.
折旧的记录方法是借记折旧费用，贷记累计折旧——累计折旧是一个抵销资产账户，在财务状况表上冲减资产。这使得原始成本保持可见。
7. Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts | 坏账与呆账准备金
A bad debt arises when a credit customer is unable to pay the amount owed, and it is certain that the money will not be received. Once a debt is considered bad, it is written off as an expense: debit Bad Debts Expense, credit Trade Receivables.
当赊销客户无法支付欠款，且确定款项无法收回时，就产生了坏账。一旦认定为坏账，就作为费用冲销：借记坏账费用，贷记应收账款。
A provision for doubtful debts is an estimate of future bad debts, created to comply with the prudence concept. It recognises potential losses before they are confirmed. The adjustment is usually a percentage of trade receivables.
呆账准备金是对未来坏账的估计，出于谨慎性概念而设立。它在损失确认之前就确认了潜在损失。调整通常是应收账款的一个百分比。
Two key entries: Creating or increasing the provision — debit Income Statement (expense), credit Provision for Doubtful Debts. When a debt is later written off, trade receivables are reduced, and no further expense hits profit if a provision already exists.
两个关键分录：创建或增加准备金——借记利润表（费用），贷记呆账准备金。后来实际冲销债务时，应收账款减少，如果准备金已存在，则不再额外承担费用。
Memory trick: ‘Bad debts’ hit you with a direct punch, so they go straight to the income statement. ‘Provision’ is like creating a safety net in advance by setting aside an allowance.
记忆技巧：“坏账”给你直接一击，因此直接进入利润表。“准备金”则像提前设立一个备用金账户，搭建安全网。
8. Trial Balance | 试算平衡表
A trial balance is a list of all ledger account balances, separated into debit and credit columns, prepared at the end of an accounting period. Its primary purpose is to verify that total debits equal total credits, catching arithmetic and posting errors.
试算平衡表是会计期末编制的，列出所有分类账余额，分为借方和贷方两列的单据。其主要目的是验证借方总额等于贷方总额，以便发现算术和过账错误。
Debit balances normally appear in accounts such as assets, expenses and drawings. Credit balances come from liabilities, capital and income accounts. The trial balance does not prove that all transactions are correct — it can still balance with errors of omission, commission, principle, compensating errors or complete reversal.
借方余额通常出现在资产、费用和提款账户中。贷方余额则来自负债、资本和收入账户。试算平衡表并不能证明所有交易都是正确的——即使存在遗漏错误、佣金错误、原则错误、补偿性错误或完全颠倒，它仍然可能平衡。
For an exam, remember the lay-out: header includes the business name and the phrase ‘Trial Balance as at [date]’. Each account name is listed with its figure in the appropriate column. The totals of the two columns must match.
备考时，请记住格式：表头包括企业名称和“截至某日的试算平衡表”字样。每个账户名称列示，金额放入相应栏位。两栏合计数必须一致。
If the trial balance does not balance, a suspense account is created to carry the difference until the error is located. This is a common Year 11 skill.
如果试算平衡表不平衡，就会开设一个暂记账户来存放差额，直到找出错误。这是 11 年级常见技能。
9. Financial Statements: Income Statement & Statement of Financial Position | 财务报表：利润表与财务状况表
The income statement (also known as the trading and profit and loss account) measures financial performance over a period. It starts with revenue, subtracts cost of sales to find gross profit, then deducts operating expenses to arrive at net profit.
利润表（也称营业及损益账户）衡量一个期间的财务业绩。它以收入开始，减去销货成本得到毛利，再扣除营业费用，得出净利润。
Gross profit is calculated as: Revenue − Cost of Sales. Cost of sales for a trading business is: Opening Inventory + Purchases − Closing Inventory.
Net Profit = Gross Profit − Operating Expenses + Other Income
毛利的计算公式：营业收入 − 销货成本。贸易企业的销货成本为：期初存货 + 购货 − 期末存货。净利润 = 毛利 − 营业费用 + 其他收入。
The statement of financial position (balance sheet) shows the financial position at a single point in time. It lists assets, liabilities and capital. The structure follows the accounting equation: non-current assets + current assets − current liabilities − non-current liabilities = net assets, which equals capital.
财务状况表（资产负债表）显示某个时点的财务状况。它列出资产、负债和资本。结构遵循会计等式：非流动资产 + 流动资产 − 流动负债 − 非流动负债 = 净资产，它等于资本。
Remember: the income statement uses the period’s revenue and expenses; the statement of financial position shows the end-of-period totals carried forward. Together they communicate profit and net worth.
记住：利润表使用期间收入和费用；财务状况表显示期末结转的总额。两者共同传达利润和净值。
10. Inventory and Cost of Sales | 存货与销货成本
Inventory (stock) refers to goods held for resale or raw materials yet to be used. At the end of a period, a physical stock count is performed to determine the closing inventory figure, which appears as a current asset.
存货（库存）指为转售而持有的商品或尚未使用的原材料。期末，进行实物盘点以确定期末存货数字，它作为流动资产列示。
To calculate cost of sales:
Cost of Sales = Opening Inventory + Net Purchases − Closing Inventory
计算销货成本：销货成本 = 期初存货 + 采购净额 − 期末存货
Purchases are recorded net of purchase returns (returns outwards). Carriage inwards, which is the cost of bringing inventory to the business, is added to purchases or treated as part of cost of sales.
购货以扣除购货退回（退货）后的净额记录。购货运费（将存货运至企业的成本）加到购货中或作为销货成本的一部分。
Closing inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value, following the prudence concept. This prevents overstating assets and profit.
期末存货按成本与可变现净值孰低计价，遵循谨慎性概念。这可以防止高估资产和利润。
Common exam trick: Given opening and closing inventory, purchases and carriage inwards, you can calculate cost of sales and gross profit. Always show your working line by line.
常见考试陷阱：给出期初、期末存货、购货和购货运费，你就可以计算销货成本和毛利。务必分步列示计算过程。
11. Accruals and Prepayments | 应计与预付
Accruals (accrued expenses) are expenses incurred but not yet paid by the end of the period, such as electricity used but not billed. Under the accruals concept, expenses are matched
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