Year 11 WJEC Business: Quick Memory Guide for Key Terms | Year 11 WJEC 商务：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 WJEC Business: Quick Memory Guide for Key Terms | Year 11 WJEC 商务：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering business terminology is crucial for success in the Year 11 WJEC Business exam. This guide provides memory hacks, mnemonics and comparison tables to help you quickly recall key terms. By linking concepts to vivid stories, abbreviations and simple patterns, you can make revision more efficient and boost your confidence.

掌握商务术语对于在 WJEC Year 11 商务考试中取得成功至关重要。本指南提供记忆技巧、助记符和对比表格，帮助您快速记住关键术语。通过将概念与生动的故事、缩写词和简单模式联系起来，您可以让复习更高效并增强信心。

1. Business Structures Memory Trick | 企业结构记忆窍门

When learning business ownership types, think of a ladder from simple to complex: Sole Trader, Partnership, Private Limited Company (Ltd), Public Limited Company (PLC). A quick mnemonic is ‘So People Please Laugh’ – Sole, Partnership, Private, Public. The most important distinction is liability: sole traders and partnerships usually have unlimited liability, meaning owners’ personal assets are at risk. Limited companies offer limited liability, protecting shareholders’ personal wealth.

学习企业所有权类型时，可以想象从简单到复杂的阶梯：个体经营、合伙、私人有限公司、公众有限公司。一个快速口诀是 ‘所以人们请笑’ ——个体、合伙、私人、公众。最重要的区别在于责任：个体经营者和合伙人通常承担无限责任，意味着所有者的个人资产面临风险；有限公司提供有限责任，保护股东的个人财富。

A Private Limited Company (Ltd) cannot sell shares to the public and is often a family-run business. A Public Limited Company (PLC) can trade shares on the stock exchange and must publish its accounts. Remember: ‘Ltd – shares limited to private circles; PLC – public listing and accountability’.

私人有限公司（Ltd）不能向公众出售股票，通常是家族企业。公众有限公司（PLC）可以在证券交易所交易股票，必须公布账目。记住：’Ltd – 股份限于私人圈；PLC – 公开上市和问责’。

2. Stakeholders vs Shareholders | 利益相关者与股东

Stakeholders are any individuals or groups with an interest in the business, including employees, customers, suppliers, the local community and the government. Shareholders are a specific type of stakeholder who own shares in a company. Use the word ‘stake’ to remind you: stakeholders have a ‘stake’ in the outcome, which can be financial, social or environmental.

利益相关者是任何与业务有利益关系的个人或群体，包括员工、客户、供应商、当地社区和政府。股东是拥有公司股份的一类特定利益相关者。用 ‘利害关系’ 这个词提醒自己：利益相关者对结果有 ‘利害关系’，可能是财务、社会或环境方面的。

Shareholders’ primary objective is often profit and dividends, while stakeholders may have diverse goals such as job security, fair prices and minimal pollution. The conflict between shareholder profit maximisation and stakeholder welfare is a common exam theme.

股东的主要目标通常是利润和股息，而利益相关者可能有不同的目标，如工作保障、公平价格和最小污染。股东利润最大化与利益相关者福利之间的冲突是一个常见的考试主题。

3. The Marketing Mix (4Ps and 7Ps) | 营销组合（4P 和 7P）

The core 4Ps—Product, Price, Place, Promotion—can be memorised with ‘Perfect Pizza Promotes Pleasure’ or simply think of the four key decisions when launching a product. For services, WJEC may include the extended 7Ps: add People, Process and Physical Evidence. Visualise a restaurant: the waiter (People), the speed of service (Process) and the decor (Physical Evidence) all influence customer experience.

核心4P——产品、价格、渠道、促销——可以用 ‘完美披萨带来快乐’ 来记忆，或者简单地想到推出产品时的四个关键决策。对于服务，WJEC 可能涉及扩展的7P：增加人员、过程和物理环境。想象一家餐厅：服务员（人员）、上菜速度（过程）和装饰（物理环境）都会影响顾客体验。

When linking the marketing mix to market research, remember that product design must meet customer needs, price must reflect value and competitors, place ensures convenience, and promotion communicates benefits. The mix must be consistent—a luxury product at a low price sold in discount stores confuses customers.

将营销组合与市场研究联系起来时，记住产品设计必须满足顾客需求，价格必须反映价值和竞争，渠道确保便利，促销传达好处。组合必须一致——豪华产品以低价在折扣店销售会让顾客困惑。

4. Market Segmentation Methods | 市场细分方法

Market segmentation splits a market into distinct groups of buyers. The four main bases are Demographic, Geographic, Psychographic and Behavioural. Use the acronym ‘DGPB’, or remember ‘Age (Demographic), Location (Geographic), Lifestyle (Psychographic), Actions (Behavioural)’.

市场细分将市场分成不同的买家群体。四个主要基础是人口统计、地理、心理和行为。用首字母缩写 ‘DGPB’，或记住 ‘年龄（人口）、地点（地理）、生活方式（心理）、行为（行为）’。

Demographic segmentation involves age, gender, income, education, etc. Geographic divides by region or climate. Psychographic looks at personality, values and social class. Behavioural considers usage rate, loyalty and occasions. For an exam, be ready to apply these to a given business scenario, such as a sports brand targeting young, active, high-income males (demographic + behavioural).

人口统计细分涉及年龄、性别、收入、教育等。地理细分按地区或气候划分。心理细分考察个性、价值观和社会阶层。行为细分考虑使用频率、忠诚度和购买时机。在考试中，准备好将这些应用到给定的商业情境中，比如一个运动品牌瞄准年轻、活跃、高收入的男性（人口统计加行为）。

5. Break-even Analysis: Key Terms and Formulas | 盈亏平衡分析：关键术语和公式

The break-even point is where total revenue equals total costs—neither profit nor loss. Vital terms: Fixed Costs (FC) remain constant regardless of output (e.g., rent). Variable Costs (VC) change with output (e.g., raw materials). Contribution per unit = Selling Price per unit − Variable Cost per unit. This contribution pays off fixed costs.

盈亏平衡点是总收益等于总成本之处，不赚不赔。重要术语

Published by TutorHao | Year 11 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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