Year 11 WJEC Chinese: Formulae & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 WJEC Chinese: Formulae & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook compiles the essential ‘formulae and theorems’ for Year 11 WJEC Chinese. Just as maths relies on proven rules, mastering Chinese requires a firm grasp of core sentence patterns, grammar structures and usage blueprints. Use this guide to revise efficiently and boost your confidence for the reading, writing and speaking exams.

这本速查手册汇编了针对 Year 11 WJEC 中文考试的核心”公式定理”。正如数学依赖经过验证的规则，掌握中文也需要牢牢掌握核心句型、语法结构和用法蓝图。利用这本指南高效复习，提升你在阅读、写作和口语考试中的信心。

1. Basic Sentence Structure Formula | 基本句型公式

The backbone of Chinese follows a Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) order, identical to English in its simplest form. However, time and place information usually appears before the verb, not at the end of the sentence. Adhering to this blueprint prevents the most common word-order mistakes.

中文主干遵循主语 + 动词 + 宾语（SVO）语序，与英语的最简单形式一致。然而，时间和地点信息通常出现在动词之前，而不是句末。遵守这一蓝图可以避免最常见的语序错误。

Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object

主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语

Example	我 昨天 在图书馆 看 书。	Wǒ zuótiān zài túshūguǎn kàn shū.
Translation	I read a book at the library yesterday.

Note that ‘yesterday’ and ‘at the library’ both precede the verb ‘read’. Never push them to the end of the sentence.

注意”昨天”和”在图书馆”都在动词”看”之前。千万不要把它们推到句末。

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2. Question Formulae | 疑问句公式

Forming questions is a fundamental skill. Instead of changing word order like English, Chinese uses specific question particles and patterns. Memorising these templates ensures you can ask and understand a wide variety of questions correctly.

构成疑问句是一项基本技能。与英语改变语序不同，中文使用特定的疑问助词和模式。记住这些模板可以确保你正确地问出和理解各种问题。

Question Type	Formula	Example
Yes-no with 吗	Statement + 吗？	你是学生吗？
Affirmative-negative	Verb + 不 + Verb?	你去不去？
Tag question with 吧	Statement + 吧？	你累了吧？
Surprise with 呢	Topic + 呢？	我的书包呢？

The ‘verb-not-verb’ structure works for both one-character verbs and two-character verbs (where only the first character is usually repeated, e.g., 喜不喜欢). These question formulae never invert the subject and verb.

“动词-不-动词”结构既适用于单字动词，也适用于双字动词（后者通常只重复第一个字，如”喜不喜欢”）。这些疑问句公式永远不会颠倒主语和动词。

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3. Aspect Markers (Tense-like) Formulae | 时态助词公式

Chinese does not conjugate verbs, but uses distinct particles to indicate the time aspect of an action. These markers are added directly after the verb or at the end of the sentence, and mastering them is crucial for narrative accuracy.

中文不变位动词，但使用不同的助词来表示动作的时间体。这些标记直接加在动词后或句末，掌握它们对叙述的准确性至关重要。

• Completed action 了: Verb + 了 (+ Object)
  我吃了早饭。 I ate breakfast.
• Past experience 过: Verb + 过 (+ Object)
  我去过中国。 I have been to China.
• Ongoing action 正在…呢: 正在 + Verb (+ Object) + 呢
  我正在看书呢。 I am reading.
• Imminent future 要…了: 要 + Verb + 了/ 就要…了
  要下雨了。 It is about to rain.

Never use 了 for habitual past actions. Use 过 for experiences. This theorem helps avoid the common trap of overusing 了 in every past-tense sentence.

切勿将”了”用于习惯性过去动作。经历用”过”。这一定理有助于避免在每个过去时句子中过度使用”了”的常见陷阱。

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4. Comparison Formulae | 比较句式公式

To express comparisons in Chinese, you need rigid patterns that differ from English. The word ‘than’ does not exist as a direct counterpart; instead, 比 (bǐ) and other structures create the comparative logic. Using these correctly demonstrates high grammatical control.

要用中文表达比较，你需要与英语不同的固定句型。”比”这类词并不直接对应英语的”than”；相反，”比”和其他结构构成了比较逻辑。正确使用这些结构能体现很强的语法能力。

A + 比 + B + Adjective

A + 比 + B + 形容词

他比我高。 Tā bǐ wǒ gāo. (He is taller than me.)

Here, the adjective follows B directly. To express ‘A is the same as B’, use:

这里，形容词直接跟在B后面。要表达”A和B一样”，用：

A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 (+ Adjective)

A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 (+ 形容词)

他的书跟我的一样有意思。 (His book is as interesting as mine.)

For negative comparison, use 没有 (méiyǒu):

表示否定比较，用”没有”：

A + 没有 + B + Adjective

A + 没有 + B + 形容词

这件衣服没有那件漂亮。 (This clothing is not as pretty as that one.)

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5. ‘把’ and ‘被’ Construction Formulae | “把”字句与”被”字句公式

The 把 (bǎ) and 被 (bèi) constructions are advanced passive and disposal structures. They reposition the object and are mandatory when the action produces a definite result or change in the object’s state. Familiarity with their formula is a hallmark of a top-grade student.

“把”字句和”被”字句是高级的被动和处置结构。它们将宾语提前，并且在动作对宾语的状态产生明确结果或改变时必须使用。熟悉它们的公式是高分学生的标志。

Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/Result

主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/结果

他把作业做完了。 Tā bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le. (He finished the homework.)

The 被 structure marks a true passive, where the subject is the recipient of the action:

“被”字句是真正的被动句，主语是动作的承受者：

Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement

承受者 + 被 (+ 施事者) + 动词 + 补语

我的手机被偷了。 Wǒ de shǒujī bèi tōu le. (My phone was stolen.)

Both constructions require the verb to carry a resulting complement; a bare verb is usually ungrammatical.

两种结构都要求动词带有结果补语；光杆动词通常不合语法。

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6. Modifier Placement Formulae | 修饰语位置公式

Modifiers such as adjectives, relative clauses and adverbials all appear before the word they modify in Chinese. This left-branching rule is a non-negotiable theorem. A single particle, 的 (de) for nouns and 地 (de) for adverbials, links the modifier to the head.

形容词、关系从句和状语等修饰语在中文里都出现在被修饰词之前。这种向左分支的规则是一条不可妥协的定理。助词”的”（用于名词）和”地”（用于状语）将修饰语与中心词连接起来。

Modifier + 的 + Noun

修饰语 + 的 + 名词

漂亮的花 (beautiful flowers), 我妈妈做的菜 (dishes my mum makes)

Adverbial + 地 + Verb

状语 + 地 + 动词

高兴地笑 (to laugh happily), 慢慢地走 (to walk slowly)

Note that simple monosyllabic adjectives often omit 的, but a clause or multi-syllable phrase must use it. This placement rule prevents English-like ‘flowers beautiful’ errors.

注意单音节形容词常常省略”的”，但从句或多音节短语必须使用。这一位置规则可防止类似英语的”flowers beautiful”错误。

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7. Linking Word Formulae | 连接词公式

Complex sentences in Chinese rely on paired conjunctions that work like brackets. Unlike English, where ‘although’ joins two clauses seamlessly, Chinese often uses a pair: 虽然 (suīrán) … 但是 (dànshì). These pairs form a theorem of cohesion.

中文的复合句依靠成对的连词，像括号一样运作。与英语中”although”无缝衔接两个分句不同，中文常常使用成对的：虽然…但是。这些连接对构成了一条衔接定理。

Relationship	Pair Formula	Example
Cause-effect	因为…所以…	因为下雨，所以我不去。
Contrast	虽然…但是…	虽然贵，但是我喜欢。
Condition	如果…就…	如果你来，我就高兴。
Not only… but also	不但…而且…	他不但聪明，而且努力。

The second conjunction (所以, 但是, 就, 而且) can never appear at the very start of a sentence; it must follow the first clause or subject. This fixed structure enforces logical flow.

后一个连词（所以、但是、就、而且）绝不能出现在句子的最开头；它必须跟在第一个分句或主语之后。这种固定结构强化了逻辑流。

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8. Complements Formula | 补语公式

Complements are a uniquely Chinese grammatical device that describes the result, degree or direction of an action. They are placed directly after the verb and often involve a second verb or adjective. Understanding the complement theorem transforms basic speech into native-like expression.

补语是中文独有的语法手段，用来描述动作的结果、程度或方向。它们直接放在动词后面，通常包含第二个动词或形容词。理解补语定理能将基础口语转化为接近母语的表达。

Result complement (结果补语): Verb + Result Verb/Adjective
听懂 (tīng dǒng – listen-understand) -> to comprehend by listening

Direction complement (趋向补语): Verb + 来/去
进来 (jìn lái – enter, towards the speaker) vs 进去 (jìn qù – enter, away)

Degree complement (程度补语): Verb + 得 + Adverb/Clause
跑得很快 (pǎo de hěn kuài – runs very fast); 忙得没时间吃饭 (so busy that there’s no time to eat)

The 得 particle is essential for evaluating how an action is performed and appears in countless exam questions.

助词”得”对于评价动作进行的方式至关重要，出现在无数考题中。

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9. Writing Structure Formula | 写作结构公式

For the writing component, strong organisation acts as a structural formula. The classic three-part essay theorem applies: introduction (引出话题), body paragraphs (论点与展开) and conclusion (总结). Following this guarantees your answer is assessed as coherent and planned.

对于写作部分，清晰的组织结构如同一个结构公式。经典的三段式论文定理适用：引言（引出话题）、主体段落（论点与展开）和结论（总结）。遵循这一公式能确保你的答案被评定为连贯且有计划的。

• Introduction: Briefly state your topic and viewpoint using a set phrase like 在我看来 (in my view) or 大家普遍认为 (it is widely believed).
• 引言: 用”在我看来”或”大家普遍认为”等固定短语简要陈述话题和观点。
• Body: Provide two or three points, each starting with 首先 (firstly), 其次 (secondly), 另外 (additionally). Support each with a concrete example.
• 主体: 提供两到三个论点，每个以”首先”、”其次”、”另外”开头，并用具体例子支撑。
• Conclusion: Summarise and restate your opinion using 总的来说 or 因此 (therefore).
• 结论: 用”总的来说”或”因此”总结并重申观点。

Master this skeleton and your writing will score highly for structure and cohesion.

掌握这个框架，你的写作将在结构和连贯性上获得高分。

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10. Pinyin Tone Rules | 拼音声调规则

Correct pinyin is tested in reading aloud and can affect meaning. The tone rules are a set of theorems governing how marked tones change in context. Remembering them boosts reading accuracy and listening precision.

正确的拼音在朗读中会考查，并能影响意思。声调规则是一套定理，掌管着标记声调在语境中的变化。记住它们能提高阅读准确性和听力精确度。

Rule	Description	Example
Tone Sandhi for 不	不 is 4th tone, but becomes 2nd tone before another 4th tone.	不对 (bù→bú duì)
Tone Sandhi for 一	一 (yī) is 1st tone; 2nd before 4th tone, 4th before 1st/2nd/3rd.	一个 (yī→yí gè), 一天 (yī→yì tiān)
Third-tone change	Two 3rd tones: first changes to 2nd tone.	你好 (nǐ hǎo → ní hǎo)
Tone mark placement	On the main vowel; if ‘iu’ or ‘ui’, on the last letter.	jiě, duì, xiū

In the written exam, these sandhi rules are applied but not always reflected in the tone marks; still, knowing them is vital for dictation and speech.

在笔试中，这些变调规则会使用但不总在声调符号上反映；尽管如此，了解它们对听写和口语至关重要。

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11. Radical Recognition Guide | 部首识别指南

Characters are not random pictures; they follow an internal logic based on radicals (部首). Think of radicals as formulaic building blocks. When you encounter an unknown character, analysing the radical provides a meaning or sound clue, forming a decoding theorem.

汉字并非随机的图画；它们遵循基于部首的内部逻辑。把部首看作公式化的构造块。当你遇到一个生字时，分析部首可以提供意义或发音线索，形成一条解码定理。

Radical	Meaning Clue	Example Characters
氵 (三点水)	Water, liquid	河 (river), 海 (sea), 酒 (alcohol)
木	Tree, wood	树 (tree), 桌 (table), 林 (forest)
口	Mouth, opening	吃 (eat), 叫 (call), 唱 (sing)
心 / 忄	Heart, emotion	想 (think), 怕 (fear), 情 (feeling)
扌 (提手旁)	Hand, action	打 (hit), 拉 (pull), 提 (carry)

Many characters consist of a meaning radical plus a phonetic component. For instance, 请 (qǐng) combines the speech radical 讠 with the sound component 青 (qīng). This theorem drastically speeds up character learning.

许多汉字由一个表义部首加一个表音成分构成。例如，”请” (qǐng) 结合了言字旁 讠 和声旁 “青” (qīng)。这条定理极大地加快汉字学习速度。

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Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

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