📚 Year 11 WJEC Geography: Key Terms Quick Reference Guide | WJEC地理关键术语速记指南
Mastering key geographical terminology is essential for success in WJEC GCSE Geography. This guide provides concise, bilingual definitions to help Year 11 students memorise and apply critical terms across all topics.
掌握关键地理术语是WJEC GCSE地理考试成功的关键。本指南提供简洁的双语定义，帮助Year 11学生记忆并应用所有主题中的重要术语。
1. River Landscapes: Key Terms | 河流地貌关键术语
Erosion – The wearing away and removal of river bed and banks by the force of moving water, often including abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action and solution.
侵蚀 – 通过流水的作用力对河床和河岸进行磨损和搬运的过程，通常包括磨蚀、磨耗、水力作用和溶蚀。
Transportation – The movement of eroded material downstream by the river in the form of traction, saltation, suspension or solution.
搬运 – 河流将被侵蚀的物质向下游移动，形式有推移、跃移、悬移或溶解搬运。
Deposition – The dropping of transported material when the river loses velocity, leading to the formation of features like floodplains and deltas.
沉积 – 当河流流速降低时，所搬运物质的沉降过程，形成河漫滩和三角洲等地貌。
Meander – A pronounced bend in a river’s course, formed by lateral erosion and deposition, often developing into an ox-bow lake when cut off.
曲流 – 河道中明显的弯曲，由侧向侵蚀和沉积形成，当截弯取直时常常演化成牛轭湖。
Watershed – The imaginary line of high land separating two adjacent drainage basins, directing rainfall into different river systems.
分水岭 – 将两个相邻流域分开的假想高地线，使降水汇入不同的河流系统。
2. Coastal Landscapes: Key Terms | 海岸地貌关键术语
Longshore drift – The zigzag movement of sediment along the shore caused by waves hitting the beach at an angle, resulting in transportation of sand and pebbles parallel to the coastline.
沿岸流搬运 – 海浪以一定角度冲击海岸，引起沉积物呈锯齿状沿海岸线移动的过程，导致泥沙平行于海岸线搬运。
Swash – The movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks, carrying sediment onto the shore.
冲流 – 波浪破碎后海水冲向沙滩的上冲运动，将沉积物带上海岸。
Backwash – The return flow of water down the beach under gravity, pulling sediment back towards the sea.
回流 – 海水在重力作用下沿着海滩向下的回流运动，将沉积物带回海中。
Wave-cut platform – A gently sloping rocky platform left behind as a cliff retreats due to erosion at its base.
波蚀平台 – 悬崖底部受侵蚀后退后，留下的缓缓倾斜的岩石平台。
Spit – A narrow ridge of sand or shingle attached to the land at one end and extending into the sea, formed by longshore drift depositing sediment where the coastline changes direction.
沙嘴 – 由泥沙或砾石组成的狭长脊，一端与陆地相连并伸入海中，由沿岸流搬运在海岸线方向改变处沉积形成。
3. Urbanisation and Cities: Key Terms | 城市化与城市关键术语
Urbanisation – The increasing percentage of a country’s population living in towns and cities, driven by rural-urban migration and natural increase.
城市化 – 一个国家居住于城镇和城市的人口比例不断增长的过程，由农村向城市迁移和自然增长驱动。
Megacity – A city with a population of over 10 million people, often facing challenges such as housing shortages, traffic congestion and environmental degradation.
巨型城市 – 人口超过1000万的城市，常面临住房短缺、交通拥堵和环境退化等挑战。
Central Business District (CBD) – The commercial and business heart of a city, characterized by high land values, tall buildings, and a concentration of retail, offices and transport links.
中央商务区 – 城市的商业中心，具有高地价、高楼宇以及零售、办公和交通枢纽集中的特点。
Brownfield site – Land that has been previously developed and is now available for redevelopment, often requiring remediation of contamination.
棕地 – 曾经开发过、现在可再开发的土地，通常需要治理污染。
Urban sprawl – The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into rural land, leading to loss of green spaces and increased reliance on cars.
城市蔓延 – 城市地区向农村土地的无序扩张，导致绿地流失和对汽车依赖增加。
4. Population Dynamics: Key Terms | 人口动态关键术语
Birth rate – The number of live births per 1,000 people per year in a given population.
出生率 – 特定人口中每年每1000人中的活产婴儿数。
Death rate – The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year in a population.
死亡率 – 特定人口中每年每1000人中的死亡人数。
Natural increase – The difference between the birth rate and the death rate; it is the main component of population change excluding migration.
自然增长 – 出生率与死亡率之差，是不包括迁移的人口变动的主要组成部分。
Population pyramid – A bar chart representing the age and gender structure of a population, typically showing cohorts for males and females.
人口金字塔 – 表示人口年龄和性别结构的条形图，通常显示男性和女性的年龄组。
Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – A model showing the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low in a country, divided into five stages.
人口转变模型 (DTM) – 显示一国出生率和死亡率从高向低历史性转变的模型，分为五个阶段。
5. Economic Development and Trade: Key Terms | 经济发展与贸易关键术语
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given year, used to measure economic size.
国内生产总值 (GDP) – 某国在一年内生产的全部商品和服务的总价值，用于衡量经济规模。
Human Development Index (HDI) – A composite index combining life expectancy, education and income to assess a country’s development level.
人类发展指数 (HDI) – 结合预期寿命、教育和收入的综合指数，用于评估国家的发展水平。
Transnational Corporation (TNC) – A large company operating in multiple countries, often with headquarters in a developed nation and production facilities in developing nations.
跨国公司 (TNC) – 在多个国家经营的大型公司，通常
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