📚 Year 12 WJEC Accounting: Vocabulary and Terms Quick Revision Guide | WJEC 会计：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the essential vocabulary of accounting is the first step to excelling in your Year 12 WJEC examinations. This guide breaks down key terms into manageable sections, pairing English explanations with Chinese translations to support bilingual learners. Each term is defined clearly and accompanied by memory tips where possible, helping you build confidence in reading, interpreting, and answering questions accurately.
掌握会计的核心词汇是在 WJEC 十二年级考试中脱颖而出的第一步。本指南将关键术语拆分为易于掌握的小节，将英文解释与中文翻译一一配对，以帮助双语学习者。每个术语都给出了清晰的定义，并在适当之处附上了记忆技巧，帮助你自信、准确地读题、解题并作答。
1. Basic Accounting Concepts | 会计基本概念
The fundamental building blocks of accounting are assets, liabilities, and equity. An asset is a resource controlled by the business from which future economic benefits are expected. A liability is a present obligation arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of resources. Equity is the residual interest in the assets after deducting all liabilities, often referred to as capital or net worth.
会计的基本构成要素是资产、负债和权益。资产（Asset）是企业控制的、预期会带来未来经济利益的资源。负债（Liability）是因过去事项而产生的现时义务，履行该义务预期会导致资源流出。权益（Equity）是资产扣除全部负债后的剩余利益，通常被称为资本或净资产。
The accounting equation expresses this relationship clearly: Assets = Liabilities + Equity. Every transaction a business undertakes must keep this equation in balance, which is the very foundation of double-entry bookkeeping.
会计等式清晰地表达了这种关系：资产 = 负债 + 权益。企业发生的每笔交易都必须保持该等式的平衡，这正是复式记账法的基础。
Revenue (or income) is the inflow of economic benefits arising from the ordinary activities of a business, such as sales of goods or services. Expenses are decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets, or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to owners.
收入（Revenue/Income）是企业日常经营活动（如销售商品或提供服务）带来的经济利益的流入。费用（Expenses）是在会计期间内，因资产流出或耗用、或者产生导致权益减少的负债（但不包括向所有者分配）而产生的经济利益的减少。
Think of profit as the surplus of revenue over expenses for a period. If expenses exceed revenue, the result is a loss.
利润（Profit）可理解为一个期间内收入超过费用的余额。若费用超过收入，则产生的是亏损（Loss）。
2. Double-Entry System | 复式记账系统
The double-entry system requires that every financial transaction be recorded in at least two accounts, with one account debited and another credited. The total debits must always equal the total credits. This system ensures that the accounting equation remains balanced at all times.
复式记账系统要求每笔经济业务至少要记录在两个账户中，一个账户记入借方，另一个账户记入贷方。借方总额必须始终等于贷方总额。这一系统确保会计等式时刻保持平衡。
To remember which accounts to debit and credit, use the acronym DEAD CLIC:
- Debit Expenses, Assets, Drawings (increases)
- Credit Liabilities, Income, Capital (increases)
记忆何时记借、何时记贷，可以运用 DEAD CLIC 口诀：
- 借方登记 费用、资产、提款 的增加
- 贷方登记 负债、收入、资本 的增加
A T-account is the simplest form of a ledger account, shaped like the letter ‘T’. The left side is the debit side, and the right side is the credit side. Increases to asset accounts are recorded on the debit side, while decreases are recorded on the credit side. For liability and equity accounts, the rules are reversed.
T型账户（T-account）是一种最基础的分类账户形式，形如字母 ‘T’。左侧为借方，右侧为贷方。资产账户的增加记在借方，减少记在贷方。对于负债和权益账户，规则则相反。
3. Source Documents and Books of Prime Entry | 原始凭证与原始账簿
Every accounting entry must be supported by a source document that provides evidence of a transaction. Common examples include invoices (issued when goods are sold), credit notes (issued to correct overcharges or returns), cheque counterfoils (records of payments made), and bank statements.
每笔会计分录必须附有能证明交易发生的原始凭证（source document）。常见例子包括发票（销售商品时开具）、贷项通知单（更正多收金额或退货时开具）、支票存根（已付款项的记录）以及银行对账单。
Transactions are first recorded in books of prime entry (original entry) before being posted to the ledgers. The main books are:
- Sales Journal (or Sales Day Book): records credit sales.
- Purchases Journal (or Purchases Day Book): records credit purchases.
- Returns Inwards Journal: records goods returned by customers (sales returns).
- Returns Outwards Journal: records goods returned to suppliers (purchases returns).
- Cash Book: combines the functions of a cash account and a bank account, recording all cash and bank transactions.
- General Journal: records all other transactions that do not fit into the above books, such as purchase of non-current assets on credit, corrections of errors, and opening entries.
交易首先记入原始账簿（books of prime entry），之后再过账到分类账。主要的原始账簿包括：
- 销售日记账（销售日记簿）：记录赊销。
- 采购日记账（采购日记簿）：记录赊购。
- 销售退回日记账：记录客户退回的商品（销售退回）。
- 采购退回日记账：记录退还给供应商的商品（采购退回）。
- 现金簿：兼具现金账户和银行账户的功能，记录所有现金和银行交易。
- 普通日记账：记录不适于上述所有账簿的交易，如赊购非流动资产、更正错误和期初分录。
4. Ledger Accounts and Trial Balance | 分类账户与试算平衡表
After transactions are entered into the books of prime entry, they are posted to the appropriate ledger accounts. The general ledger contains all accounts: assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses. It is the main accounting record from which the financial statements are prepared.
交易进入原始账簿后，会被过账到相应的分类账户。 总分类账包含所有账户：资产、负债、权益、收入与费用。它是编制财务报表所依据的主要会计记录。
The trial balance is a list of all ledger account balances at a particular date, with debit balances in one column and credit balances in another. The total debits should equal total credits, providing a check on the arithmetical accuracy of the double-entry system.
试算平衡表是某一特定日期所有分类账户余额的列表，借方余额列在一栏，贷方余额列在另一栏。借方总额应当等于贷方总额，用以检验复式记账系统在算术上的准确性。
A balanced trial balance does not prove that the records are completely error-free. Errors of omission, commission, principle, compensating errors, and complete reversal of entries may still exist even if the trial balance agrees.
试算平衡表不平衡时表明账务存在错误，但平衡也不能证明记录完全无误。遗漏错误、串户错误、原则性错误、抵销性错误和分录完全颠倒等仍可能存在，即便试算平衡表两边相等。
5. Income Statement (Trading and Profit & Loss Account) | 利润表
The income statement (also called the trading and profit and loss account) measures the financial performance of a business over a period by calculating profit or loss. The top section, the trading account, calculates gross profit: Sales revenue less Cost of goods sold.
利润表（income statement）又称购销损益表，通过计算利润或亏损来衡量企业一段时期的财务业绩。上部分为购销账，计算毛利润：销售收入减去销售成本。
Cost of goods sold (COGS) is calculated as: Opening inventory + Purchases + Carriage inwards − Closing inventory. Carriage inwards is the cost of bringing goods to the business and is part of the cost of purchases.
销售成本的计算公式为：期初存货 + 购货 + 购货运费 − 期末存货。购货运费（carriage inwards）是将货物运至企业的费用，属于购货成本的一部分。
The second section, the profit and loss account, lists all other income (such as rental income, commission received) and all revenue expenses (such as wages, rent, insurance, carriage outwards, depreciation). These are deducted from gross profit to arrive at net profit (or net loss). Carriage outwards is the cost of delivering goods to customers and is treated as a selling expense.
下半部分为损益账，列出所有其他收入（如租金收入、佣金收入）和所有费用（如工资、租金、保险费、销售运费、折旧）。这些项目从毛利润中扣除，得出净利润（或净亏损）。销售运费（carriage outwards）是将货物送达客户的费用，作为销售费用处理。
Remember the structure: Gross profit = Sales − COGS; Net profit = Gross profit + Other income − Expenses.
牢记结构：毛利润 = 销售收入 − 销售成本；净利润 = 毛利润 + 其他收入 − 费用。
6. Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) | 资产负债表
The statement of financial position, traditionally called the balance sheet, is a snapshot of a business’s financial position at a specific point in time. It shows what the business owns (assets) and what it owes (liabilities), with the difference being the owner’s equity.
资产负债表（statement of financial position）是企业在一个特定时点财务状况的快照。它列示了企业拥有的（资产）和所欠的（负债），二者之差即为所有者权益。
Assets are classified as non-current assets (held for use in the business for more than one year, like machinery, buildings, vehicles) and current assets (expected to be converted into cash or used within one year, like inventory, trade receivables, cash at bank).
资产分为非流动资产（为企业长期持有并使用超过一年的资产，如机器、房产、车辆）和流动资产（预期在一年内转换为现金或耗用的资产，如存货、应收账款、银行存款）。
Liabilities are similarly split into non-current liabilities (debts due after more than one year, e.g., long-term bank loan) and current liabilities (amounts owed within one year, e.g., trade payables, bank overdraft, accruals).
负债同样分为非流动负债（偿还期超过一年的债务，如长期银行贷款）和流动负债（一年内到期的款项，如应付账款、银行透支、应计费用）。
The layout reflects the accounting equation: Total assets = Total liabilities + Capital (opening capital + net profit − drawings).
编排格式反映了会计等式：总资产 = 总负债 + 资本（期初资本 + 净利润 − 提款）。
7. Adjustments: Depreciation | 调整事项：折旧
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of a non-current asset over its estimated useful life. It matches the expense of using the asset against the revenue it generates, following the matching principle. Depreciation is an expense in the income statement and reduces the carrying amount of the asset on the statement of financial position.
折旧是将非流动资产的成本在其预计使用寿命内进行系统分配的过程。它遵循配比原则，将资产使用的费用与产生的收入进行匹配。折旧是利润表中的一项费用，并减少资产负债表中资产的账面金额。
Two common methods are the straight-line method and the reducing balance method. Straight-line charges the same amount each year: (Cost − Residual value) ÷ Useful life. Reducing balance applies a fixed percentage to the net book value (cost less accumulated depreciation) each year, resulting in higher charges in early years.
两种常用方法是直线法与余额递减法。直线法每年计提相同金额：（成本 − 残值） ÷ 使用年限。余额递减法则每年按固定的百分比乘以账面净值（成本减去累计折旧），导致早期计提的折旧额较高。
Accumulated depreciation is the total depreciation charged on an asset since its purchase. On the statement of financial position, the non-current asset is shown at cost minus accumulated depreciation, which equals its net book value or carrying amount.
累计折旧是自资产购入以来已计提的折旧总额。在资产负债表上，非流动资产按其成本减去累计折旧列示，等于其账面净值（net book value）。
8. Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts | 坏账与坏账准备
A bad debt is an amount owed by a trade receivable that has been confirmed as uncollectible. When a debt becomes bad, it is written off as an expense in the income statement and the trade receivable’s account is closed. The entry is: debit Bad debts expense, credit Trade receivables.
坏账（bad debt）是指已确认无法收回的应收账款。当一笔债务确认为坏账时，它将作为费用在利润表中注销，同时关闭该客户的应收账款账户。分录为：借记坏账费用，贷记应收账款。
A provision for doubtful debts (allowance for doubtful receivables) is an estimate of the amount expected not to be collected from existing trade receivables. This conforms to the prudence concept, ensuring that receivables are not overstated and that potential losses are recognised early. The adjusting entry records an expense and creates a contra-asset account (provision).
坏账准备（provision for doubtful debts）是对现有应收账款中预计无法收回的金额的估计。这体现了谨慎性原则，确保应收账款不被高估，潜在损失得以提前确认。调整分录会记录一项费用，并创建一个备抵账户（坏账准备）。
The movement in the provision (increase or decrease) each year is reflected in the income statement. On the statement of financial position, trade receivables are shown net of the provision for doubtful debts.
每年坏账准备的变动（增加或减少）反映在利润表中。在资产负债表上，应收账款按扣除坏账准备后的净值列示。
9. Inventory Valuation | 存货计价
Inventory (stock) must be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value (NRV) according to the prudence concept. Cost includes all expenditure incurred in bringing the inventory to its present location and condition. NRV is the estimated selling price less any further costs to complete and sell.
根据谨慎性原则，存货（inventory）必须按成本与可变现净值（NRV）孰低计价。成本包含使存货达到当前位置和状态所发生的全部支出。可变现净值则是估计的售价减去为使产品完工及售出而进一步发生的成本。
When it is not possible to track the exact cost of individual items, cost flow assumptions are used. Under FIFO (First In, First Out), the earliest purchases are assumed to be sold first, so closing inventory consists of the most recent costs. LIFO (Last In, First Out) assumes the latest purchases are sold first, though LIFO is not permitted under IAS 2 in the IFRS framework; WJEC may still expect awareness of the concept. AVCO (Average Cost) uses a weighted average of all inventory costs during the period.
当无法追踪个别项目的确切成本时，会使用成本流动假设。在先进先出法（FIFO）下，最早购入的存货被假设最先售出，因此期末存货由最近的成本构成。后进先出法（LIFO）假设最后购入的存货最先售出，但在国际财务报告准则（IFRS）下 IAS 2 不允许使用；WJEC 可能仍要求了解其概念。加权平均法（AVCO）则使用期间内所有存货成本的加权平均值。
Accurate inventory valuation is vital because it directly affects gross profit, net profit, and the reported value of current assets. An overstatement of closing inventory increases profit, while an understatement decreases it.
准确的存货计价至关重要，因为它直接影响毛利润、净利润以及流动资产的列报价值。期末存货的高估会虚增利润，而低估则会使利润减少。
10. Control Accounts and Bank Reconciliation | 控制账户与银行对账
A sales ledger control account (trade receivables control) and a purchases ledger control account (trade payables control) are summary accounts held in the general ledger. They reflect the total of all individual accounts in the sales ledger and purchases ledger respectively, helping to locate errors and deter fraud.
销售分类账控制账户（应收账款控制账户）和采购分类账控制账户（应付账款控制账户）是总分类账中的汇总账户。它们分别反映销售明细账和采购明细账中所有个别账户的合计数，有助于发现错误和防范舞弊。
Entries to these controls mirror the totals of transactions recorded in the subsidiary ledgers. For example, total credit sales and returns inwards are recorded in the sales ledger control account. The balance on the control account should equal the total of the individual balances on the sales ledger.
这些控制账户的记项反映辅助明细账中记录的交易总额。例如，赊销总额和销售退回总额被记入销售分类账控制账户。控制账户的余额应与销售明细账中个别账户余额的合计数相等。
A bank reconciliation is the process of matching the balance in the cash book with the balance on the bank statement. Differences arise because of timing: unpresented cheques (cheques issued but not yet paid by the bank), uncredited deposits (amounts paid into the bank but not yet credited by the bank), and items appearing on the bank statement that have not yet been recorded in the cash book (such as bank charges, standing orders, direct debits, and dishonoured cheques).
银行对账是将现金簿余额与银行对账单余额进行核对的过程。差异产生的原因在于时间差：未兑现支票（已开出但银行尚未支付的支票）、未入账存款（已存入银行但银行尚未记账的款项）以及银行对账单上已出现但现金簿尚未记录的项目（如银行手续费、定期付款指令、直接借记和退票）。
The reconciliation statement typically starts with the cash book balance and adjusts for items in the bank statement not yet recorded, or starts with the bank statement balance and adjusts for timing differences to arrive at the adjusted cash book balance.
对账单通常以现金簿余额为起点，调整银行对账单上已出现而现金簿尚未记录的项目；或以银行对账单余额为起点，调整时间性差异，从而得出调整后的现金簿余额。
11. Accruals and Prepayments | 应计与预付款项
The accruals concept states that expenses and income should be recognised in the period they are incurred or earned, not when cash is paid or received. Accrued expenses are amounts owed for services received but not yet paid for; they appear as a current liability. Prepaid expenses are payments made in advance for benefits to be received in a future period; they appear as a current asset.
应计制概念要求费用和收入应在发生的期间确认，而非在现金支付或收取时确认。应计费用是指已接受服务但尚未支付的款项，列为流动负债。预付费用则是为未来期间将获得的利益而预先支付的款项，列为流动资产。
Adjusting entries at the end of a period ensure that the income statement includes all relevant expenses and the statement of financial position presents the true amounts owed or prepaid. For example, if rent for three months is paid in advance, that portion must be excluded from the income statement and shown as a prepayment.
期末的调整分录确保利润表包含所有相关费用，以及资产负债表如实反映应付或预付的真实金额。例如，如果预付了三个月的租金，该部分必须从利润表中剔除，并作为预付费用列示。
Accrued income is income earned but not yet received (current asset), while deferred income (income received in advance) is a liability because the business still owes a service. Misunderstanding these concepts often leads to exam errors, so remember: accruals increase an expense and create a liability; prepayments decrease an expense and create an asset.
应计收入为已赚取但尚未收到的收入（流动资产），而递延收入（预收收入）则是一项负债，因为企业仍欠服务。对这些概念的误解常导致考试失分，请牢记：应计会增加费用并产生负债；预付会减少费用并产生资产。
12. Capital and Revenue Expenditure | 资本性支出与收益性支出
Distinguishing between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure is critical because it affects both profit and asset values. Capital expenditure is spending on the purchase, improvement, or extension of non-current assets, and is recorded as an asset on the statement of financial position. Examples include buying machinery, extending a warehouse, or legal fees for purchasing a building.
区分资本性支出与收益性支出至关重要，因为它既影响利润又影响资产价值。资本性支出是用于购置、改良或扩建非流动资产的支出，在资产负债表中记作资产。例子包括购买机器、扩建仓库，或购买建筑物时产生的法律费用。
Revenue expenditure is spending on the day-to-day running and maintenance of the business, which is charged as an expense in the income statement in the period it is incurred. This includes costs like repairs, fuel, rent, wages, and stationery. Misclassifying a revenue expense as capital expenditure would overstate profit and overstate assets.
收益性支出是用于企业日常运营和维护的支出，发生当期为利润表中的费用。这包括修理费、燃料费、租金、工资和文具等成本。若将收益性支出错误归类为资本性支出，会高估利润和高估资产。
Remember the test: does the spending increase the future economic benefits of a non-current asset beyond its originally assessed standard of performance? If yes, it is capital; if the spending merely maintains existing capacity, it is revenue.
记住判断标准：该支出是否增加了非流动资产未来的经济利益，超出其原先评估的绩效标准？若是，则为资本性支出；若支出仅维持现有能力，则为收益性支出。
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