AQA Year 12 PE Mock Paper Walkthrough | AQA 12年级体育模拟卷解析

📚 AQA Year 12 PE Mock Paper Walkthrough | AQA 12年级体育模拟卷解析

This walkthrough breaks down typical Year 12 AQA PE questions from an Applied Anatomy and Physiology mock paper. Each item explains key concepts, common marking points and model answers so you can confidently tackle short-answer and extended-response tasks. Work through each question and use the bilingual explanations to strengthen your command of terminology.

本文深度解析一份基于AQA考试局12年级体育（应用解剖与生理学）的模拟试卷。每题均梳理核心概念、常见得分点与标准答案，帮助你有把握地应对简答和长答题。通过中英双语讲解，你可以更扎实地掌握专业术语和答题框架。

1. Question: Cardiac Conduction System | 第1题：心脏传导系统

The question: Describe the sequence of events in the cardiac conduction system that leads to ventricular contraction. [4 marks]

题目：描述导致心室收缩的心脏传导系统事件顺序。[4 分]

The sinoatrial node (SA node), located in the wall of the right atrium, spontaneously generates an electrical impulse; it acts as the heart’s pacemaker and sets the basic rhythm (around 60–80 bpm at rest).

位于右心房壁的窦房结（SA 结）自发产生电冲动，充当心脏起搏器并设定基本节律（静息时约 60–80 次/分）。

The impulse spreads across both atria, causing them to contract (atrial systole) and push blood into the ventricles.

电冲动传导至两侧心房，引发心房收缩（心房收缩期），将血液挤入心室。

The wave of excitation reaches the atrioventricular node (AV node) — the only electrical pathway to the ventricles — and is deliberately delayed for about 0.1 seconds to allow complete ventricular filling.

兴奋波到达房室结（AV 结）——通往心室的唯一电通路——并刻意延迟约 0.1 秒，以确保心室充分充盈。

After the delay, the impulse travels rapidly down the Bundle of His in the interventricular septum, splits into left and right bundle branches, and finally spreads through the Purkinje fibres, triggering ventricular contraction (ventricular systole) from the apex upward.

延迟后，冲动沿室间隔内的希氏束快速下传，分成左右束支，最后经浦肯野纤维扩散，从心尖部向上引发心室收缩（心室收缩期）。

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2. Question: Cardiac Output at Rest and During Exercise | 第2题：静息与运动时的心输出量

The question: A performer has a resting heart rate of 60 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 ml. Calculate cardiac output at rest and explain the changes in heart rate and stroke volume during submaximal exercise. [5 marks]

题目：一名运动者静息心率为 60 次/分，每搏输出量 70 毫升。计算静息心输出量，并解释亚极量运动过程中心率和每搏输出量的变化。[5 分]

Cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume (SV) × heart rate (HR). Q = 70 ml × 60 = 4200 ml/min, or 4.2 L/min.

心输出量 (Q) = 每搏输出量 (SV) × 心率 (HR)。Q = 70 毫升 × 60 = 4200 毫升/分，即 4.2 升/分。

During submaximal exercise, heart rate increases almost linearly with workload due to greater sympathetic nervous system stimulation and a decrease in parasympathetic activity.

亚极量运动时，由于交感神经刺激增强和副交感神经活动减弱，心率随负荷增加近乎线性上升。

Stroke volume rises initially — up to around 40–60% of maximal effort — because increased venous return stretches the ventricular walls (Starling’s law), leading to a more forceful contraction.

每搏输出量最初增加——约达最大努力的 40–60%——因静脉回流量增加使心室壁拉伸（斯塔林定律），收缩更有力。

Beyond moderate intensity, stroke volume tends to plateau or increase only slightly, so further rises in oxygen delivery depend mainly on heart rate; hence cardiac output climbs, often reaching 20–25 L/min in trained individuals.

超过中等强度后，每搏输出量趋于平台或仅轻微增加，因此氧气输送的进一步增长主要依赖心率；于是心输出量攀升，训练有素者可达到 20–25 升/分。

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3. Question: Mechanics of Breathing at Rest (Inspiration) | 第3题：安静状态的吸气机制

The question: Explain the process of inspiration at rest, including the roles of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and pressure changes. [4 marks]

题目：解释安静状态下的吸气过程，包括膈肌、肋间肌的作用以及压力变化。[4 分]

At rest, inspiration is an active process. The diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving downwards to increase the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity. Simultaneously, the external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribcage up and out.

安静状态下吸气是主动过程。膈肌收缩并变平、下移，增加胸腔垂直径线；与此同时，肋间外肌收缩，将肋骨向上向外提起。

These movements expand the volume of the thoracic cavity. According to Boyle’s law, as volume increases, pressure inside the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) decreases.

这些动作扩大了胸腔容积。根据波义耳定律，容积增大时肺内压（肺内压力）下降。

Intrapulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, creating a pressure gradient that draws air through the nose or mouth into the lungs.

肺内压降至大气压以下，形成压力梯度，空气经鼻或口被吸入肺内。

The process continues until the pressure inside the lungs equals atmospheric pressure; the diaphragm and external intercostals then relax to start passive expiration.

该过程持续至肺内压与大气压相等；随后膈肌和肋间外肌松弛，开始被动呼气。

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4. Question: Muscle Fibre Types – Type I vs Type IIx | 第4题：肌纤维类型比较——I 型与 IIx 型

The question: Compare the structural and functional characteristics of type I (slow oxidative) and type IIx (fast glycolytic) muscle fibres. Give a sporting example for each. [6 marks]

题目：比较 I 型（慢缩氧化型）与 IIx 型（快缩酵解型）肌纤维的结构与功能特征，并各举一项运动实例。[6 分]

Type I fibres appear red because they contain high levels of myoglobin and a dense capillary network, supporting prolonged O₂ delivery. Type IIx fibres are pale due to low myoglobin and fewer capillaries, reflecting their reliance on anaerobic metabolism.

I 型纤维因含大量肌红蛋白和致密毛细血管网而呈红色，利于长时间供氧；IIx 型纤维因肌红蛋白低、毛细血管少而色泽较浅，体现其依赖无氧代谢的特点。

Type I fibres have a high mitochondrial density and oxidative enzyme concentration, making them very resistant to fatigue and ideal for low-intensity, long-duration activities. In contrast, type IIx fibres possess relatively fewer mitochondria and high glycolytic enzyme levels, so they fatigue rapidly but produce explosive force.

I 型纤维线粒体密度和氧化酶浓度高，极抗疲劳，适合低强度长时程活动；IIx 型纤维线粒体相对较少、糖酵解酶含量高，虽易疲劳但能产生爆发性力量。

The contraction speed of type I fibres is slow, and they develop relatively low peak tension. Type IIx fibres contract very fast and generate high force because of their larger motor neurone diameter and rapid myosin ATPase activity.

I 型纤维收缩速度慢，峰值张力较低；IIx 型纤维收缩极快且力量大，因其运动神经元较粗、肌球蛋白 ATP 酶活性快。

Functionally, type I fibres dominate during aerobic events such as a marathon; type IIx fibres are heavily recruited during short, maximal efforts such as a 100-metre sprint.

功能上，I 型纤维在有氧项目如马拉松中占主导；IIx 型纤维在短时极限用力时被大量募集，如 100 米短跑。

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5. Question: ATP-PC Energy System | 第5题：ATP-PC 供能系统

The question: Describe the ATP-PC energy system, including its duration, fuel source, and how ATP is resynthesized. Provide a sporting example. [4 marks]

题目：描述 ATP-PC 供能系统，包括持续时间、燃料来源以及 ATP 再合成的方式，并提供一个运动实例。[4 分]

This system relies on phosphocreatine (PC) stored in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. When ATP is broken down, creatine kinase rapidly catalyses the release of a phosphate group from PC, which combines with ADP to reform ATP.

该系统依赖肌肉细胞肌浆中储存的磷酸肌酸 (PC)。ATP 分解时，肌酸激酶快速催化 PC 释放一个磷酸基团，与 ADP 结合重新生成 ATP。

The reaction is anaerobic, meaning no oxygen is required, and it starts immediately, providing the fastest rate of ATP resynthesis. However, PC stores are very limited, so the system can supply maximum-power activity for only 8–10 seconds.

此反应为无氧过程，无需氧气，且即时启动，提供最快的 ATP 再合成速率。但 PC 储量极为有限，只能为最大功率活动供能 8–10 秒。

Recovery is also rapid: depleted PC can be replenished almost entirely within about 3 minutes, with oxygen present for the resynthesis.

恢复也很快：耗竭的 PC 在有氧条件下约 3 分钟即可基本完全补充。

A clear example is the explosive start and initial acceleration phase of a 100-metre sprint, where the athlete depends almost exclusively on the ATP-PC system.

典型实例是 100 米短跑中爆发性起跑和初始加速阶段，运动员几乎完全依赖 ATP-PC 系统。

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6. Question: Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) | 第6题：运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC)

The question: After a 400 m sprint, an athlete continues to breathe heavily for several minutes. Explain the physiological processes occurring during excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. [5 marks]

题目：400 米冲刺后，一名运动员在数分钟内仍喘着粗气。解释运动后过量氧耗期间发生的生理过程。[5 分]

EPOC is the volume of oxygen consumed above resting values after exercise finishes. It has a fast component and a slow component, both working to return the body to its pre-exercise state.

EPOC 是运动结束后高于安静水平的摄氧量，分为快速和慢速两个组分，共同将身体恢复至运动前状态。

In the fast component, oxygen is used to resynthesize the depleted phosphocreatine stores and to replenish oxygen bound to myoglobin in the muscles, which was released during intense activity.

快速组分中，氧气用于再合成耗竭的磷酸肌酸储备，并恢复肌肉中与肌红蛋白结合的氧（先前在剧烈运动中释放）。

The slow component removes lactic acid accumulated during the sprint. Lactate is either oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the liver and muscles, or reconverted to glucose/glycogen (the Cori cycle), a process that requires substantial oxygen.

慢速组分清除冲刺中积累的乳酸。乳酸或在肝脏和肌肉中被氧化为二氧化碳和水，或重新转化为葡萄糖/糖原（柯里循环），这一过程需要大量氧气。

Elevated heart rate and ventilation persist partly due to increased body temperature (thermal effects) and the need to restore hormone levels, such as adrenaline, to resting baseline.

运动后心率和通气量仍升高，部分源于体温升高的热效应，以及需要将肾上腺素等激素水平恢复至静息基线。

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7. Question: Newton’s Three Laws of Motion in Sprinting | 第7题：短跑中的牛顿三定律

The question: State Newton’s three laws of motion and explain how a sprinter applies each law at the start of a race. [6 marks]

题目：陈述牛顿三定律，并解释短跑运动员在起跑时如何运用每条定律。[6 分]

Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force. The sprinter, stationary in the blocks, must produce a large horizontal force to overcome inertia and begin moving.

牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非有外力迫其改变。短跑选手在起跑器上静止，必须产生一个足够大的水平力来克服惯性，才能开始移动。

Newton’s Second Law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied and inversely proportional to its mass. The sprinter drives hard against the blocks; the greater the force exerted, the higher the acceleration off the blocks, assuming body mass is constant.

牛顿第二定律 (F = ma)：物体加速度与所受净外力成正比，与质量成反比。运动员用力蹬踏起跑器；在体重恒定前提下，施加的力越大，起跑加速度越大。

Newton’s Third Law (Action–Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The sprinter pushes backward on the blocks; the blocks push the athlete forward with an equal and opposite force, propelling them down the track.

牛顿第三定律（作用力与反作用力）：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。选手向后蹬起跑器，起跑器同时施加一个大小相等、方向向前的反作用力，将运动员沿着跑道推出。

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8. Question: Lever Systems – Bicep Curl | 第8题：杠杆系统——肱二头肌弯举

The question: Identify the class of lever operating at the elbow during a bicep curl and explain why this lever system has a mechanical disadvantage but a large range of movement. [4 marks]

题目：指出肱二头肌弯举时肘关节的杠杆类型，并解释该系统为何具有机械劣势却能产生大幅度运动。[4 分]

The bicep curl uses a third-class lever system. The fulcrum is the elbow joint, the effort is applied by the biceps brachii muscle inserting on the radius, and the load is the combined weight of the forearm and any held resistance in the hand.

肱二头肌弯举属于第三类杠杆。支点为肘关节，力由止于桡骨的肱二头肌施加，阻力则是前臂自重及手中所持物重。

In a third-class lever, the effort is located between the fulcrum and the load, meaning the effort arm (distance from elbow to biceps insertion) is shorter than the resistance arm (distance from elbow to the hand). This geometry creates a mechanical disadvantage because the muscle must produce a force larger than the load itself to generate movement.

第三类杠杆中，力点位于支点与阻力之间，导致力臂（肘至肱二头肌附着点距离）短于阻力臂（肘至手的距离）。这种几何结构造成机械劣势：肌肉必须产生大于阻力的力才能发起动作。

However, the arrangement allows a small muscle contraction to produce a large, rapid movement at the distal end of the limb. This gives joints like the elbow the ability to move through a wide range of motion at high speed, which is essential for

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