CCEA Year 13 Psychology: Key Terminology Quick Recall Guide | CCEA 13年级心理学：重要术语速记指南

📚 CCEA Year 13 Psychology: Key Terminology Quick Recall Guide | CCEA 13年级心理学：重要术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is essential for success in CCEA Year 13 Psychology. This quick recall guide covers the core terms across research methods, social, cognitive, developmental, biological psychology, individual differences and key debates, paired with concise Mandarin explanations to reinforce understanding.

掌握关键术语对CCEA 13年级心理学的成功至关重要。这本速记指南涵盖了研究方法、社会、认知、发展、生物心理学、个体差异和核心争论中的重要术语，并配以简明中文解释以加深理解。

---

1. Research Methods: Variables and Designs | 研究方法：变量与实验设计

Independent variable (IV): The variable that is deliberately manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

自变量 (IV): 研究者有意操纵的变量，以观察其对因变量的影响。

Dependent variable (DV): The variable that is measured in the experiment; it is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the IV.

因变量 (DV): 实验中测量的变量，预期会随自变量的变化而改变。

Extraneous variable: Any variable other than the IV that could potentially affect the DV, which the researcher should control.

额外变量: 除自变量外任何可能影响因变量的变量，研究者应加以控制。

Confounding variable: An extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV, making it impossible to determine which variable caused the change in the DV.

混淆变量: 一种与自变量系统变化相关联的额外变量，导致无法确定哪个变量引起了因变量的变化。

Operationalisation: The process of clearly defining variables in terms of how they will be measured or manipulated so that the study can be replicated.

操作化: 清楚定义变量的测量或操纵方式的过程，使研究具备可重复性。

Independent groups design: An experimental design where different participants are placed in each condition of the IV, so each person experiences only one level.

独立组设计: 一种实验设计，将不同的参与者分配到自变量的各个条件中，每人只经历一个水平。

Repeated measures design: An experimental design where the same participants take part in all conditions of the IV, allowing direct comparison of their performance.

重复测量设计: 同一批参与者接受自变量的所有条件，以便直接比较其表现。

Matched pairs design: Participants are first matched on a key characteristic and then one member of each pair is assigned to each condition, reducing participant variables.

匹配对设计: 先按关键特征将参与者配对，再将每对成员分别分配至各实验条件，以减少参与者变量。

Counterbalancing: A technique used in repeated measures designs to control order effects by varying the order of conditions across participants.

平衡法: 在重复测量设计中通过改变参与者接受条件的顺序来控制顺序效应的技术。

Random allocation: Assigning participants to experimental conditions purely by chance, so that individual differences are evenly distributed across groups.

随机分配: 纯粹按机会将参与者分配到实验条件中，使个体差异均匀分布在各组间。

---

2. Validity, Reliability and Sampling | 效度、信度与抽样

Internal validity: The extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between the IV and DV, free from confounding variables.

内部效度: 一项研究在排除混淆变量后能可靠地确立自变量与因变量之间因果关系的程度。

External validity: The extent to which findings can be generalised beyond the specific research context, including to other people, settings and times.

外部效度: 研究结果可以推广到特定研究背景之外的程度，包括其他人、环境和时间。

Ecological validity: A type of external validity referring to how well the study’s setting, materials and task mirror real-life situations.

生态效度: 一种外部效度，指研究情境、材料和任务反映现实生活的程度。

Reliability: The consistency of a measurement; if the study is repeated under the same conditions it should yield similar results.

信度: 测量的一致性；在相同条件下重复研究应得到相似的结果。

Test-retest reliability: The consistency of results when the same test or measure is administered to the same people on two different occasions.

再测信度: 相同的测验或测量在两次不同场合对相同对象施测时所得结果的一致性。

Inter-observer reliability: The extent to which two or more independent observers agree on the behaviour they have recorded.

观察者间信度: 两个或多个独立观察者对他们所记录行为的一致程度。

Random sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected, which helps generate a representative sample.

随机抽样: 目标总体中每个成员都有同等被选中的机会，有助于产生代表性样本。

Opportunity sampling: Selecting participants who are readily available and willing to take part, though the sample may be biased.

机会抽样: 选取那些容易获得且愿意参加的参与者，但样本可能存在偏差。

Volunteer sampling: Participants self-select by responding to an advertisement; often motivated but may not be representative.

志愿者抽样: 参与者通过回应广告自我选择加入，通常积极性高但可能缺乏代表性。

Stratified sampling: The researcher identifies subgroups within the target population and randomly selects participants in proportion to their occurrence.

分层抽样: 研究者识别目标总体中的子群体，并按比例随机选取参与者。

---

3. Hypotheses and Pilot Studies | 假设与试验研究

Null hypothesis: A statement predicting that there will be no difference or no relationship between the variables under investigation; any observed effect is due to chance.

零假设: 预测所研究的变量之间没有差异或没有关系的陈述；任何观察到的效应都是偶然造成的。

Directional hypothesis (one-tailed): A hypothesis that states the specific direction of the expected difference or relationship, e.g. ‘Group A will score higher than Group B’.

方向性假设（单尾）: 明确说明预期差异或关系的具体方向的假设，例如’A组得分将高于B组’。

Non-directional hypothesis (two-tailed): A hypothesis that predicts a difference or relationship but does not specify the direction, e.g. ‘There will be a difference in scores between Group A and Group B’.

非方向性假设（双尾）: 预测差异或关系但不指明方向的假设，例如’A组和B组的得分将会不同’。

Pilot study: A small-scale trial run of the research procedure before the main study, used to identify potential problems and refine the design.

试验研究: 正式研究前进行的程序小规模试运行，用于发现潜在问题并完善设计。

Control group: The group in an experiment that receives no treatment or a placebo, providing a baseline against which the experimental group is compared.

对照组: 实验中不接受处理或接受安慰剂的组别，为比较实验组提供基线。

Experimental group: The group in an experiment that receives the manipulation of the independent variable.

实验组: 实验中接受自变量操纵的组别。

---

4. Data Analysis and Inferential Statistics | 数据分析与推断统计

Descriptive statistics: Summarised numerical data that describe the main features of a dataset, including measures of central tendency and dispersion.

描述统计: 用于概括数据集主要特征的数字摘要，包括集中趋势和离散程度测量。

Mean: The arithmetic average of a set of scores, calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values.

平均数: 一组分数的算术平均值，将所有数值加总后除以数值个数。

Median: The middle value in an ordered list of scores; it is not affected by extreme scores.

中位数: 一组排序分数中居中的数值，不受极端分数影响。

Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

众数: 数据集中出现频率最高的数值。

Range: A simple measure of dispersion calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score.

全距: 最简单的离散程度测量，将最高分减去最低分。

Standard deviation: A measure of the average spread of scores around the mean; the larger the standard deviation, the more varied the data.

Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）