Year 12 AQA French: Core Knowledge Review | Year 12 AQA 法语：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 12 AQA French: Core Knowledge Review | Year 12 AQA 法语：核心知识点梳理

Year 12 AQA French covers a wide range of grammar, vocabulary and cultural topics that form the foundation for the A-level exam. Mastering the core tenses, pronouns, adjective agreements and key vocabulary themes is essential for success in both the AS and full A-level. This article organises the most important knowledge into clear, bilingual sections that mirror the specification and exam requirements.

Year 12 AQA 法语涵盖了大量语法、词汇和文化主题，为 A-level 考试打下基础。掌握核心时态、代词、形容词配合以及关键主题词汇，对于在 AS 和完整 A-level 中取得成功至关重要。本文按照考试大纲将最重要的知识点整理成清晰的双语部分，对应考试要求。

1. Present Tense and Key Irregular Verbs | 现在时与重要不规则动词

The present tense describes what is happening now, habitual actions and universal truths. For regular -er verbs, remove -er and add -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For -ir verbs such as finir, use -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. Regular -re verbs like vendre take -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent. However, many of the most frequently used verbs are irregular and must be memorised.

现在时描述正在发生的事、习惯性动作和普遍真理。规则 -er 动词去掉词尾加 -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。以 finir 为代表的 -ir 动词使用 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。规则 -re 动词如 vendre 变位为 -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent。但许多常用动词不规则，需要牢记。

Verb	je	tu	il/elle/on	nous	vous	ils/elles
être	suis	es	est	sommes	êtes	sont
avoir	ai	as	a	avons	avez	ont
aller	vais	vas	va	allons	allez	vont
faire	fais	fais	fait	faisons	faites	font
pouvoir	peux	peux	peut	pouvons	pouvez	peuvent
vouloir	veux	veux	veut	voulons	voulez	veulent
devoir	dois	dois	doit	devons	devez	doivent
savoir	sais	sais	sait	savons	savez	savent
venir	viens	viens	vient	venons	venez	viennent
prendre	prends	prends	prend	prenons	prenez	prennent

Frequent practice with these irregular forms will significantly improve accuracy in speaking and writing. Pay special attention to verbs like ‘aller’ and ‘faire’, which also serve as auxiliaries or components of common expressions.

频繁练习这些不规则形式将显著提高口语和写作的准确性。特别注意像 ‘aller’ 和 ‘faire’ 这样的动词，它们也用作助动词或常见表达的组成部分。

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2. Past Tenses: Passé Composé and Imparfait | 过去时态：复合过去时与未完成过去时

The passé composé expresses completed actions in the past. It is formed with the present tense of ‘avoir’ or ‘être’ and the past participle. The auxiliary ‘être’ is used for a limited group of intransitive verbs (DR MRS VANDERTRAMP) and all reflexive verbs. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject when ‘être’ is used.

复合过去时表示过去已完成的动作。它由助动词 ‘avoir’ 或 ‘être’ 的现在时加上过去分词构成。’être’ 用于一组特定不及物动词（DR MRS VANDERTRAMP）和所有自反动词。使用 ‘être’ 时，过去分词需要与主语在性、数上配合。

The imparfait describes ongoing, habitual or descriptive states in the past. It is formed by taking the ‘nous’ form of the present tense, removing -ons, and adding -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The only exception is ‘être’, whose stem is ‘ét-‘.

未完成过去时描述过去持续的、习惯性的或描述性的状态。它的构成是取现在时 ‘nous’ 的变位，去掉 -ons，加上 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。唯一例外是 ‘être’，其词干为 ‘ét-‘。

A common exam requirement is to combine the two tenses in a narrative, using passé composé for events that advance the plot and imparfait for background description or interrupted actions (e.g. Je lisais quand il est entré).

考试中常见的要求是在叙述中组合使用这两种时态：用复合过去时表达推动情节的事件，用未完成过去时表达背景描写或被中断的动作（如 Je lisais quand il est entré）。

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3. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时与条件式

The simple future (futur simple) conveys what will happen. For regular verbs, add the endings -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont to the infinitive (drop final -e for -re verbs). Many irregular stems exist, such as ‘ser-‘ for être, ‘aur-‘ for avoir, ‘ir-‘ for aller, ‘fer-‘ for faire, ‘pourr-‘ for pouvoir, ‘voudr-‘ for vouloir, ‘devr-‘ for devoir and ‘viendr-‘ for venir. The near future (futur proche) uses ‘aller’ + infinitive and is more common in spoken French.

简单将来时表达将要发生的事。规则动词直接在不定式后加词尾 -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont（-re 动词需去掉词尾 e）。许多不规则词干存在，如 être 的 ‘ser-‘，avoir 的 ‘aur-‘，aller 的 ‘ir-‘，faire 的 ‘fer-‘，pouvoir 的 ‘pourr-‘，vouloir 的 ‘voudr-‘，devoir 的 ‘devr-‘，venir 的 ‘viendr-‘。最近将来时使用 ‘aller’ + 不定式，在口语中更常见。

The conditional mood expresses hypothetical actions or polite requests. It uses the same stems as the simple future, with the endings of the imperfect: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. Common uses include ‘si’ clauses with the imperfect (e.g. Si j’avais de l’argent, j’achèterais une voiture).

条件式表达假设性动作或礼貌请求。它使用与简单将来时相同的词干，加上未完成过去时的词尾：-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。常见用法是 ‘si’ 从句搭配未完成过去时（例如 Si j’avais de l’argent, j’achèterais une voiture）。

Both the future and conditional are vital for the AQA speaking and writing tasks, particularly when discussing future plans or imaginary scenarios.

将来时和条件式对于 AQA 的口语和写作任务至关重要，特别是在讨论未来计划或想象情景时。

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4. Direct, Indirect and Tonic Pronouns | 直接、间接和重读人称代词

Direct object pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les) replace the noun that directly receives the action. They are placed before the verb, except in the affirmative imperative. Indirect object pronouns (me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur) replace ‘à + person’. The pronouns ‘me, te, nous, vous’ serve both direct and indirect functions.

直接宾语代词（me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les）代替直接接受动作的名词。除命令式肯定式外，它们置于动词之前。间接宾语代词（me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur）代替 ‘à + 人’。代词 ‘me, te, nous, vous’ 兼具直接和间接功能。

Tonic (stressed) pronouns (moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles) are used after prepositions, for emphasis, in comparisons and in short answers. For example: C’est moi qui l’ai fait or Je pense à lui.

重读人称代词（moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles）用于介词之后、表示强调、比较以及简短回答中。例如：C’est moi qui l’ai fait 或 Je pense à lui。

Correct pronoun order when multiple pronouns appear before the verb is tested frequently: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en. Internalising this sequence avoids common exam pitfalls.

当多个代词出现在动词前时，正确的顺序经常被考查：me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en。熟记此顺序可避免常见的考试陷阱。

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5. Relative Pronouns: Qui, Que, Dont, Lequel | 关系代词：qui, que, dont, lequel

‘Qui’ acts as the subject of the relative clause (the person or thing doing the action). ‘Que’ acts as the direct object (the person or thing receiving the action). Both can refer to people or things and are invariable.

‘Qui’ 作为关系从句的主语（执行动作的人或物）。’Que’ 作为直接宾语（接受动作的人或物）。两者均可指人或物，且无性数变化。

‘Dont’ replaces ‘de + noun’ and is used with verbs and expressions that normally require ‘de’, such as avoir besoin de, parler de, se souvenir de. It can express possession (‘whose’). ‘Lequel’ (and its variants laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles) is used after prepositions other than ‘de’ (e.g. sur, avec, pour) and when the antecedent is a thing. It agrees in gender and number.

‘Dont’ 代替 ‘de + 名词’，与通常需要 ‘de’ 的动词和表达连用，例如 avoir besoin de, parler de, se souvenir de。它可以表示所属关系（whose）。’Lequel’（及其变体 laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles）用于除 ‘de’ 以外的介词之后（如 sur, avec, pour），以及当先行词为事物时。它需要性数配合。

Mastering these pronouns enriches sentence structure and is indispensable for the AQA writing paper and the stimulus card discussion.

掌握这些代词能丰富句子结构，对于 AQA 写作卷和提示卡讨论必不可少。

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6. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词配合与位置

In French, adjectives agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they modify. Most adjectives add -e for the feminine and -s for the plural. Irregular feminine forms include -if → -ive (actif/active), -eux → -euse (heureux/heureuse), and doubling of the final consonant + -e (bon/bonne, ancien/ancienne).

法语中，形容词需要与所修饰的名词在性（阳性/阴性）和数（单数/复数）上配合。大多数形容词在阴性时加 -e，复数时加 -s。不规则的阴性形式包括 -if → -ive（actif/active），-eux → -euse（heureux/heureuse），以及结尾辅音双写加 -e（bon/bonne, ancien/ancienne）。

The position of adjectives is generally after the noun. However, a small group of common adjectives (often remembered by the acronym BAGS: Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size) usually precede the noun: beau, vieux, bon, grand, petit, jeune, mauvais, joli etc. Some adjectives change meaning depending on their position: un homme grand (a tall man) vs un grand homme (a great man).

形容词的位置通常在名词之后。但一小部分常用形容词（常以首字母 BAGS 记忆：Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size）通常置于名词之前：beau, vieux, bon, grand, petit, jeune, mauvais, joli 等。有些形容词的位置不同，含义也发生变化：un homme grand（高个子男人）与 un grand homme（伟人）。

Pay attention to the plural of compound adjectives and the special forms used before masculine nouns starting with a vowel or mute h (bel, nouvel, vieil). Careful agreement is a hallmark of high-level writing.

注意复合形容词的复数形式和用于以元音或哑音 h 开头的阳性名词前的特殊形式（bel, nouvel, vieil）。仔细的配合是高水平写作的标志。

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7. Present Subjunctive: Formation and Core Uses | 虚拟式现在时：构成与核心用法

The subjunctive is a mood, not a tense, expressing doubt, necessity, emotion or desire. To form the present subjunctive, take the third-person plural (ils/elles) of the present indicative, remove -ent, and add -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. Many irregular verbs have unique stems: être (sois, soit…), avoir (aie, ait…), aller (aille, aille…), faire (fasse…), pouvoir (puisse…), savoir (sache…), vouloir (veuille…).

虚拟式是一种语式而非时态，表达怀疑、必要性、情感或愿望。构成虚拟式现在时的方法：取直陈式现在时的第三人称复数（ils/elles），去掉 -ent，加上 -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。许多不规则动词有特殊词干：être (sois, soit…), avoir (aie, ait…), aller (aille, aille…), faire (fasse…), pouvoir (puisse…), savoir (sache…), vouloir (veuille…)。

The subjunctive is triggered by specific expressions: il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, vouloir que, être content que, etc. It is used after certain conjunctions and in superlative or restrictive statements (le seul qui, le meilleur que). At Year 12, recognising and producing these triggers confidently is key.

虚拟式由特定表达触发：il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, vouloir que, être content que 等。它还用于某些连词之后以及最高级或限定性陈述中 (le seul qui, le meilleur que)。在 Year 12 阶段，自信地识别并运用这些触发语是关键。

AQA often tests the subjunctive in gap-fill and translation exercises, as well as in the oral exam when discussing topics like the importance of family or protecting the environment.

AQA 常在填空和翻译题中考查虚拟式，也会在讨论诸如家庭重要性或环境保护等话题的口语考试中出现。

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8. Negation and Question Formation | 否定与疑问句构造

Basic negation uses ‘ne … pas’ around the conjugated verb. In compound tenses, ‘ne’ precedes the auxiliary and ‘pas’ follows it. Other negative constructions include ne … jamais (never), ne … plus (no longer), ne … rien (nothing), ne … personne (nobody), and ne … que (only). Remember that ‘personne’ and ‘rien’ can appear as subjects at the beginning of a sentence with ‘ne’ still placed before the verb.

基本否定结构将 ‘ne … pas’ 置于变位动词周围。在复合时态中，’ne’ 在助动词前，’pas’ 在后。其他否定结构包括 ne … jamais（从不），ne … plus（不再），ne … rien（没有什么），ne … personne（没有人），以及 ne … que（只）。注意 ‘personne’ 和 ‘rien’ 可以作为主语放在句首，此时 ‘ne’ 仍置于动词前。

Questions can be formed in three ways: rising intonation (Tu viens ?), using ‘est-ce que’ (Est-ce que tu viens ?) and inversion (Viens-tu ?). Inversion requires a hyphen and, with third-person singular verbs ending in a vowel, a -t- is inserted (A-t-il fini ?). Interrogative adverbs and pronouns (quand, comment, où, pourquoi, qui, que, quoi) can be placed at the beginning or end, depending on the register.

疑问句有三种构成方式：语调上扬（Tu viens ?）、使用 ‘est-ce que’（Est-ce que tu viens ?）和主谓倒装（Viens-tu ?）。倒装需要连字符，且当第三人称单数动词以元音结尾时，需插入 -t-（A-t-il fini ?）。疑问副词和疑问代词（quand, comment, où, pourquoi, qui, que, quoi）可根据语域置于句首或句末。

Accurate negation and questioning are essential for the role-plays and general conversation components of the speaking exam.

准确的否定和疑问句构造对于口语考试的角色扮演和综合对话环节至关重要。

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9. Thematic Vocabulary: Family, Education and Work | 主题词汇：家庭、教育和工作

The AQA themes include ‘Aspects of French-speaking society: current trends’. Within this, the family topic covers relationships, marriage, partnerships and the changing nature of family. Key vocabulary includes la famille nucléaire, les parents, les grands-parents, le mariage, le divorce, élever un enfant, s’entendre bien/mal avec, le soutien.

AQA 主题包括 ‘法语国家社会的各个方面：当前趋势’。其中，家庭话题涵盖关系、婚姻、伴侣关系以及家庭性质的变化。关键词汇包括 la famille nucléaire, les parents, les grands-parents, le mariage, le divorce, élever un enfant, s’entendre bien/mal avec, le soutien。

Education and work concentrate on school life, higher education and career choices. Useful expressions: le système scolaire, le baccalauréat, une matière, redoubler, réussir un examen, un stage, un apprentissage, le monde du travail, un métier, gagner sa vie. The sub-topic of youth unemployment (le chômage des jeunes) often appears in reading and listening papers.

教育和工作集中在校园生活、高等教育和职业选择。实用表达包括：le système scolaire, le baccalauréat, une matière, redoubler, réussir un examen, un stage, un apprentissage, le monde du travail, un métier, gagner sa vie。青年失业 (le chômage des jeunes) 这一子话题经常出现在阅读和听力卷中。

You should be able to discuss these topics using a range of tenses: for example, describing your school routine in the present, a past work experience in the passé composé, and future university plans in the simple future.

你应该能够使用多种时态讨论这些话题：例如，用现在时描述

Published by TutorHao | Year 12 法语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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