Year 12 CCEA Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 CCEA Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering sociology at Year 12 is not just about understanding theories – it is about using the right language with precision. This memorisation guide breaks down the essential CCEA AS-level terminology into manageable themes, pairing each English term with its Chinese equivalent. Use the definitions, memory hooks, and structured comparisons to build a solid vocabulary foundation that will strengthen both your essays and your exam responses.

掌握 Year 12 社会学不仅仅是理解理论——更在于准确运用合适的语言。这份速记指南将 CCEA AS 阶段核心术语拆分为易于掌握的主题，每个英文术语都配有对应的中文释义。利用定义、记忆挂钩和结构化对比，建立扎实的词汇基础，让你的论文和考试回答更上一层楼。

1. Core Concepts: Culture, Norms and Values | 核心概念：文化、规范与价值

Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular society – it includes language, beliefs, customs, and material objects. Sociologists distinguish between material culture (physical items) and non‑material culture (ideas, symbols).

文化指特定社会的整体生活方式——包含语言、信仰、习俗和物质对象。社会学家将文化分为物质文化（实物）和非物质文化（观念、符号）。

Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour shared by members of a social group. They vary across cultures and time, and they guide everyday conduct, such as queuing or greeting customs.

规范是社会群体成员共同遵守的不成文行为规则。规范因文化与时代而异，指导着排队、问候等日常行为。

Values are deeply held beliefs about what is good, right and desirable. They underpin norms and provide a general framework for social life. Example: the value of individual achievement supports norms around educational success.

价值观是关于何为美好、正确和可取的深层信念。价值观是规范的基础，为社会生活提供总体框架。例如，个人成就的价值观支撑着有关教育成功的规范。

Subculture describes a group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values, such as youth subcultures or occupational groups.

亚文化指在更大文化中拥有自身独特规范与价值的群体，如青年亚文化或职业群体。

Memory tip: Think of culture as the ‘big umbrella’ – norms are the daily habits under it, and values are the reasons we hold the umbrella.

记忆提示：把文化想象成一把“大伞”——规范是伞下的日常习惯，价值观则是我们撑伞的理由。

2. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份认同

Socialisation is the lifelong process by which individuals learn the culture of their society. It can be divided into primary socialisation (within the family) and secondary socialisation (through schools, peer groups, media).

社会化是个体终身学习所在社会文化的过程。它可分为初级社会化（家庭内）和次级社会化（通过学校、同龄群体、媒体）。

Social control refers to the mechanisms used to ensure conformity to norms. Formal control involves written rules and sanctions (laws, school rules), while informal control relies on unwritten pressures (peer disapproval, ridicule).

社会控制指用于确保遵守规范的机制。正式控制涉及成文规则与制裁（法律、校规），而非正式控制依赖不成文的压力（同伴否定、嘲笑）。

Identity is how individuals see and define themselves. It is shaped by socialisation and can include aspects such as gender, ethnicity, class and personal biography.

身份认同是个体看待和定义自己的方式。它由社会化塑造，并可能包含性别、族裔、阶级和个人经历等方面。

Ascribed status is a social position given at birth (e.g. being a prince) whereas achieved status is earned through effort (e.g. becoming a doctor).

先赋地位是出生即获得的社会位置（如王子），而自致地位是通过努力赢得的（如成为医生）。

Term (English)	Definition	中文释义
Ascribed status	Fixed at birth, not chosen	先赋地位
Achieved status	Earned through individual merit	自致地位
Role	Expected behaviour associated with a status	角色

3. Social Stratification: Class and Social Mobility | 社会分层：阶级与社会流动

Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals based on wealth, power and prestige. It is a universal but variable feature of all societies.

社会分层指基于财富、权力和声望对个体进行等级排序。这是所有社会普遍存在但各不相同的特征。

Social class is often measured by occupation, income and lifestyle. The registrar‑general’s scale or the NS‑SEC are used in UK sociology to group people into classes such as upper, middle and working class.

社会阶级通常通过职业、收入与生活方式衡量。英国社会学使用注册局长量表或 NS‑SEC 将人群分为上层、中层和工人阶级等。

Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups between social strata. Intra‑generational mobility occurs during a person’s lifetime, while inter‑generational mobility compares generations.

社会流动是个人或群体在社会阶层间的移动。代内流动发生在个人一生中，而代际流动则比较世代间的变化。

Life chances – a term from Weber – describe the opportunities an individual has for achieving economic well‑being, influenced by class, gender and ethnicity.

生活机会——出自韦伯的术语——描述个体获得经济福祉的机会，受阶级、性别与族裔影响。

Relative deprivation is the feeling of being worse off compared with a reference group, which can persist even when absolute poverty declines.

相对剥夺是与参照群体相比较而感到自身处境更差的感觉，即使绝对贫困下降，这种感觉仍可能持续。

Memory hook: ‘Stratus’ (like layers of clouds) → stratification. Knowing your layer is knowing your class.

记忆挂钩：Stratus（层云）→分层。知道你在哪一层，就知道你的阶级。

4. Ethnicity and Inequality | 族裔与不平等

Ethnicity refers to cultural distinctiveness, including shared ancestry, language, religion and traditions. It differs from race, which is based on perceived biological differences – though sociologists stress that race is a social construct.

族裔指文化独特性，包括共同的祖先、语言、宗教和传统。它与种族不同，后者基于感知到的生物学差异——尽管社会学家强调种族是一种社会建构。

Ethnic identity is a person’s sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, often strengthened through family socialisation, media representation and community institutions.

族裔身份认同是个体对某一特定族裔群体的归属感，通常通过家庭社会化、媒体呈现和社区组织得到强化。

Prejudice is a pre‑judgement based on stereotypes, while discrimination involves acting on those prejudices – treating people unfairly because of their ethnicity.

偏见是基于刻板印象的预判，而歧视则是将偏见付诸行动——因族裔而给予不公平的对待。

Institutional racism describes patterns of discrimination woven into the policies and practices of organisations, even without individual intent.

制度性种族主义描述的是嵌入组织政策与实践中的歧视模式，即便没有个体意图也会存在。

Concept	Distinction	区别
Ethnicity	Cultural identity	族裔（文化）
Race	Socially constructed biological label	种族（社会建构）
Prejudice	Attitude (thought)	偏见（态度）
Discrimination	Behaviour (action)	歧视（行为）

5. Gender and Socialisation | 性别与社会化

Sex refers to biological differences between males and females, whereas gender describes the social and cultural expectations attached to being masculine or feminine.

生理性别指男性与女性之间的生物学差异，而社会性别则描述与阳刚或阴柔相关的社会文化期望。

Gender role socialisation begins in early childhood through family, toys, media and schools. It shapes the behaviours, dress and aspirations considered ‘appropriate’ for each gender.

性别角色社会化从幼儿时期通过家庭、玩具、媒体和学校开始。它塑造了被认为对每种性别“合适”的行为、穿着和抱负。

Patriarchy is a system of male domination in which men hold primary power in political, economic and domestic life. Feminist sociologists analyse how patriarchal structures limit women’s opportunities.

父权制是一种男性支配的体制，男性在政治、经济和家庭生活中掌握主要权力。女性主义社会学家分析父权结构如何限制女性的机会。

The ‘glass ceiling’ is a metaphor for the invisible barriers that prevent women from rising to top positions in the workplace, despite equal qualifications.

“玻璃天花板”是一个比喻，指阻止女性晋升至职场高层职位的无形障碍，尽管她们拥有同等资质。

Canalisation (a term from Oakley) is the way parents channel children’s interests into gendered activities, e.g. giving dolls to girls and cars to boys.

管道化（奥克利提出的术语）指父母将孩子的兴趣引导至性别化活动的过程，例如给女孩玩娃娃，给男孩玩汽车。

6. Power and Authority | 权力与权威

Power is the ability of an individual or group to get their own way despite resistance. It can operate through force, influence or legitimate authority.

权力是个人或群体在遇到抵制时仍能实现自身意愿的能力。它可以通过强制、影响力或正当权威来运作。

Authority is power that is seen as legitimate by those subject to it. Weber identified three types: traditional, charismatic and legal‑rational authority.

权威是被接受者视为正当的权力。韦伯区分了三种类型：传统型权威、魅力型权威和法理型权威。

Coercion involves the use of force or threats, representing a form of power that lacks legitimacy. It stands in contrast to authority.

强制涉及使用武力或威胁，是一种缺乏正当性的权力形式，与权威形成对比。

Hegemony (Gramsci) refers to the dominance of a ruling‑class ideology, where subordinate groups accept the status quo as ‘common sense’, making overt coercion less necessary.

霸权（葛兰西）指统治阶级意识形态的主导地位，从属群体将现状接受为“常识”，从而降低了公开强制的必要性。

Remember: Authority = power + legitimacy. When people believe you have the right to rule, your power becomes authority.

记住：权威 = 权力 + 正当性。当人们相信你有统治的权利时，你的权力就变成了权威。

7. The Sociology of Family | 家庭社会学

Nuclear family consists of a married or cohabiting couple and their dependent children, often portrayed as the traditional ideal.

核心家庭由已婚或同居伴侣及其受抚养子女组成，常被描绘为传统理想模式。

Extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear unit – grandparents, aunts, uncles – living together or in close contact.

扩展家庭包括核心家庭以外的亲属——祖父母、阿姨、叔叔——他们同住或保持密切往来。

Symmetrical family (Young and Willmott) describes a family type where roles and responsibilities are more equally shared between partners, moving away from segregated conjugal roles.

对称家庭（杨和威尔莫特）描述伴侣间角色与责任更为平等分配的家庭类型，远离了隔离式的夫妻角色。

Conjugal roles refer to the domestic and paid work roles of husbands and wives. Segregated roles mean separate tasks; joint roles mean sharing.

夫妻角色指丈夫和妻子在家庭与有偿工作中的角色。隔离式角色表示任务分开，联合角色表示共同承担。

Beanpole family is a multi‑generational family with few children in each generation, becoming more common as people live longer and have fewer offspring.

豆竿家庭是一种多代但每代子女数量少的家庭形态，随着寿命延长和生育减少而变得更加普遍。

Family type	Key feature	中文
Nuclear	Two‑generation, couple + children	核心家庭
Extended	Includes wider kin	扩展家庭
Symmetrical	Joint conjugal roles	对称家庭
Beanpole	Tall, thin, multi‑generation	豆竿家庭

8. Education: Functions and Processes | 教育：功能与过程

Meritocracy is the principle that rewards and positions should be allocated on the basis of ability and effort rather than social background. Functionalists see education as a key site for meritocratic selection.

精英统治（绩效主义）指奖励与地位应根据能力和努力而非社会背景来分配。功能主义者将教育视为精英选拔的关键场所。

Hidden curriculum refers to the informal lessons in schools, such as punctuality, obedience and competitiveness, which reproduce social norms.

隐性课程指学校中非正式的课程内容，如守时、服从和竞争意识，这些内容再生产社会规范。

Labelling (Becker, Rist) is the process by which teachers attach a label to students, such as ‘bright’ or ‘troublemaker’, which can create a self‑fulfilling prophecy.

标签化（贝克尔、里斯特）指教师给学生贴上“聪明”或“捣蛋鬼”等标签的过程，这可能形成自我实现预言。

Cultural deprivation theory argues that working‑class pupils lack the cultural equipment – language, attitudes – that aligns with middle‑class schooling, thereby hindering success.

文化剥夺理论认为，工人阶级学生缺乏与中产阶级学校教育相契合的文化装备——语言、态度——因而阻碍其成功。

Anti‑school subculture (Willis) describes groups of pupils, often working‑class, who reject school values, gain peer status through defiance, and may end up in low‑skilled jobs.

反学校亚文化（威利斯）描述的是常为工人阶级出身的学生群体，他们拒绝学校价值观，通过违抗获得同伴地位，并可能最终从事低技能工作。

9. Sociological Theory: Consensus vs. Conflict | 社会学理论：共识与冲突

Functionalism (Durkheim, Parsons) views society as a system of interdependent parts, each performing a function to maintain stability. Concepts such as value consensus and social integration are central.

功能主义（涂尔干、帕森斯）将社会视为由相互依赖的部分构成的系统，每个部分行使一定功能以维持稳定。价值共识与社会整合等概念处于核心地位。

Marxism (Marx) is a conflict theory focusing on the struggle between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class). Institutions like education and religion are seen as part of the ‘superstructure’ reinforcing capitalist inequality.

马克思主义（马克思）是一种冲突理论，关注资产阶级（统治阶级）与无产阶级的阶级斗争。教育与宗教等制度被视为强化资本主义不平等的“上层建筑”的一部分。

Feminism examines gender inequalities and patriarchal structures. Liberal feminists seek legal reforms, Marxist feminists link women’s oppression to capitalism, and radical feminists argue that patriarchy is the primary oppression.

女性主义审视性别不平等与父权结构。自由女性主义者寻求法律改革，马克思主义女性主义者将女性压迫与资本主义相联系，激进女性主义者则认为父权制是最根本的压迫。

Social action theories (Weber, Mead) emphasise that society is constructed through interactions and meanings. They focus on how individuals interpret the world and exercise agency.

社会行动理论（韦伯、米德）强调社会是通过互动与意义建构而成的。它们关注个体如何诠释世界并发挥能动性。

Quick compare: Functionalism = harmony, Marxism = conflict, Feminism = gender power, Social action = micro interactions.

速记对比：功能主义=和谐，马克思主义=冲突，女性主义=性别权力，社会行动论=微观互动。

10. Research Methods in Sociology | 社会学研究方法

Quantitative methods collect numerical data, such as surveys, structured interviews and official statistics. They are favoured by positivists who seek patterns and cause‑effect relationships.

定量方法收集数值数据，如问卷调查、结构式访谈和官方统计。实证主义者青睐定量方法，以寻找模式与因果关系。

Qualitative methods gather in‑depth, non‑numerical data through participant observation, unstructured interviews and documents. Interpretivists use them to uncover meanings and lived experiences.

定性方法通过参与观察、非结构式访谈和文献收集深入的非数值数据。解释主义者用它们揭示意义与生活经验。

Sampling is the process of selecting participants. Random sampling gives everyone an equal chance; stratified sampling ensures representation of subgroups; snowball sampling relies on referrals.

抽样是选取参与者的过程。随机抽样给予每个人均等机会；分层抽样确保子群体代表性；滚雪球抽样依靠介绍推荐。

Ethical considerations include informed consent, confidentiality, avoidance of harm and the right to withdraw. Sociologists must balance the pursuit of knowledge with respect for participants.

伦理考量包括知情同意、保密、避免伤害与退出权。社会学家必须在追求知识与尊重参与者之间取得平衡。

Method	Strength	Limitation	中文
Questionnaire	Reliable, large scale	Low validity, misunderstood questions	问卷
Interview	Rich depth	Interviewer bias, small sample	访谈
Observation	Natural setting, insight	Time‑consuming, Hawthorne effect	观察

11. Quick Memorisation Techniques & Final Check | 快速记忆技巧与终检清单

Use mnemonics to pair terms – for example, remember ‘Status is Scribed or Earned’ for ascribed/achieved. Create flash cards with the English term on one side and the Chinese definition plus a keyword trigger on the other.

使用助记法配对术语——例如，用“Status is Scribed or Earned”记住先赋/自致地位。制作抽认卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义和触发关键词。

Group related concepts in mind maps: put ‘socialisation’ at the centre and branch out to primary, secondary, agents, norms, identity. Visual links reduce rote memorisation and improve recall under exam pressure.

在思维导图中将相关概念分组：以“社会化”为中心，分支出初级、次级、媒介、规范、身份认同等。视觉联系可减少机械记忆，并在考试压力下提高回忆率。

Self‑test with the following checklist. Can you define each word confidently and give an example?

用以下清单自测：你能自信地定义每个术语并举出例子吗？

Culture, norms, values, subculture

文化、规范、价值观、亚文化
Primary/secondary socialisation, social control, ascribed/achieved status

初级/次级社会化、社会控制、先赋/自致地位
Social stratification, social mobility, life chances

社会分层、社会流动、生活机会

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Year 12 CCEA Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南