📚 Year 12 CIE Computer Science: Rapid Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CIE 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the technical vocabulary of CIE AS Computer Science is the first step towards confident exam performance. This guide presents core Year 12 terms grouped by topic and gives you a memorable hook or mnemonic for each one, so you can recall them quickly under pressure.
掌握 CIE AS 计算机科学的技术词汇是自信应考的第一步。本指南将 Year 12 核心术语按主题分组，并为每个术语提供一个好记的挂钩或助记法，帮助你在压力下迅速回忆。
1. Information Representation | 信息表示
Bit: Short for binary digit, the smallest data unit in a computer, storing either 0 or 1. Mnemonic: Picture a tiny ‘bite’ of information; the word blends ‘binary’ and ‘digit’.
比特（位）：二进制数字的缩写，计算机中最小的数据单位，存储 0 或 1。速记：想象一口最小的信息；bit 是 binary digit 的合成词。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, typically the amount needed to store one character. Memory aid: A byte is a bite of eight bits; ‘byte’ rhymes with ‘eight’.
字节：8 个位组成一组，通常存储一个字符所需的空间。助记：一个字节就是八位的一口；byte 和 eight 押韵。
Binary number system: Base‑2 system using only the digits 0 and 1. Mnemonic: ‘Bi’ means two, like in bicycle; every place value is a power of 2 (2⁰, 2¹, 2²…).
二进制数制：基数为 2 的数制，只用数字 0 和 1。速记：’Bi’ 意为二，像自行车有两个轮子；每一位的权重都是 2 的幂 (2⁰, 2¹, 2²…)。
Hexadecimal number system: Base‑16 system using digits 0‑9 and letters A‑F. Shortcut for memory: ‘Hex’ is six, plus decimal gives sixteen; each hex digit stands for a nibble (4 bits).
十六进制数制：基数为 16 的数制，使用数字 0‑9 和字母 A‑F。记忆捷径：’Hex’ 表示六，加上十进制 (10) 得到 16；每个十六进制位对应一个半字节 (4 位)。
Two’s complement: A method for representing signed integers where the most significant bit acts as a sign bit. To negate: invert all bits and add 1. Mnemonic: ‘Two steps to complement’ – flip bits (one’s complement), then add one (two’s).
二进制补码：一种带符号整数的表示法，最高位作为符号位。求负数：所有位取反再加 1。速记：’两步得到补码’——先翻转（反码），再加一（补码）。
2. Communication and Internet Technologies | 通信与互联网技术
LAN (Local Area Network): A network covering a small geographical area, like a school or office. Mnemonic: ‘Local’ is limited; you can walk across a LAN.
局域网 (LAN)：覆盖较小地理区域（如学校或办公室）的网络。速记：’Local’ 就是局部的；你步行就能横穿一个局域网。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large area, often connecting LANs over long distances. Memory aid: WAN is ‘Wide’, needing cables or satellites across the world.
广域网 (WAN)：跨越广阔区域的网络，通常通过长距离连接局域网。助记：WAN 很’宽’，需要跨世界的电缆或卫星。
Protocol: A set of rules governing how data is transmitted and received. Mnemonic: Think of a diplomatic protocol – rules everyone must follow to communicate politely.
协议：一组控制数据发送与接收的规则。速记：想象外交礼仪——为了礼貌沟通，所有人都要遵守的规则。
Packet switching: A method where data is broken into packets, sent independently, and reassembled at the destination. Memory hook: Like sending a book page by page in separate envelopes, then reassembling it.
分组交换：把数据分成若干数据包独立传送并在目的地重组的方法。记忆挂钩：像把一本书拆成单页分寄出去，再重新装订。
IP address: A unique numeric label assigned to each device on a network, allowing it to be identified. Mnemonic: IP stands for ‘Internet Passport’ – your device’s identity to travel online.
IP 地址：分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签，用于身份识别。速记：IP 可看作’互联网护照’——你设备上网畅行的身份标识。
3. Hardware: Input, Output and Storage | 硬件：输入、输出与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that holds data and instructions currently in use; content is lost when power is off. Mnemonic: RAM is like a whiteboard – you can quickly read and write, but everything disappears when you switch off.
随机存取存储器 (RAM)：易失性存储器，存放正在使用的数据和指令，断电后内容丢失。速记：RAM 像一块白板——可以快速读写，但一断电就擦除干净。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non‑volatile memory that stores firmware and cannot be easily altered. Memory aid: ROM is carved in stone at the factory; you only ‘read’ the inscription.
只读存储器 (ROM)：非易失性存储器，存放固件且不易更改。助记：ROM 就像出厂时刻在石头上的铭文，你只能’读’它。
SSD (Solid State Drive): A storage device that uses flash memory with no moving parts, offering fast access. Mnemonic: ‘Solid’ means no spinning discs – instantly solid like a USB stick.
固态硬盘 (SSD)：采用闪存、无活动部件的存储设备，访问速度快。速记：’固态’意味着没有旋转盘片，像 U 盘一样坚若磐石。
Optical disc: Storage media read by laser, e.g. CD, DVD, Blu‑ray. Memory hook: ‘Optical’ implies light; a laser eye reads the disc.
光盘：用激光读取的存储介质，如 CD、DVD、蓝光光盘。记忆挂钩：’光’ 意味着用光束读取；就像用激光眼来读盘。
Peripheral: An external device connected to the computer, such as a keyboard, mouse or printer. Mnemonic: ‘Peri’ means around; a peripheral sits around the computer’s core.
外设：连接到计算机的外部设备，例如键盘、鼠标或打印机。速记：’Peri’ 表示周围；外设就环绕在计算机核心周围。
4. Processor Fundamentals and Architecture | 处理器基础与体系结构
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The component of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations. Mnemonic: ALU is the calculator of the brain – it does the maths and compares values.
算术逻辑单元 (ALU)：CPU 中执行算术与逻辑运算的部件。速记：ALU 是大脑中的计算器——负责算数和比较数值。
Control Unit (CU): The part of the CPU that directs the flow of data and coordinates all activities. Memory aid: The CU is the conductor of the orchestra, telling each part when to play.
控制单元 (CU)：CPU 中指挥数据流、协调所有活动的部件。助记：CU 就像管弦乐队的指挥，告诉每个部分何时演奏。
Program Counter (PC): A register that holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched. Mnemonic: PC ‘points’ to the coming step; imagine a finger on a list indicating ‘next’.
程序计数器 (PC)：存储下一条待取指指令地址的寄存器。速记：PC ‘指向’下一步；像在清单上指住’下一个’的手指。
Fetch‑Decode‑Execute cycle: The continual process by which the CPU retrieves an instruction, interprets it, and carries it out. Memory hook: A fast‑food chef fetches a ticket, decodes the order, and executes the meal.
取指‑解码‑执行周期：CPU 不停重复的取指、解释并执行指令的过程。记忆挂钩：就像快餐厨师取单、解读订单、执行制餐。
Clock speed: The rate at which a processor executes instructions, measured in hertz. Mnemonic: Think of a metronome ticking; more ticks per second means faster music (processing).
时钟速度：处理器执行指令的快慢，以赫兹衡量。速记：想象一个节拍器；每秒拍子越多，音乐（处理）越快。
5. System Software | 系统软件
Operating System (OS): Software that manages hardware, runs applications, and provides a user interface. Mnemonic: The OS is the master controller – it organises everything like a school principal.
操作系统 (OS)：管理硬件、运行应用程序并提供用户界面的软件。速记：OS 是总指挥——像校长一样统筹一切。
Utility software: Programs that perform maintenance tasks, e.g. antivirus, backup, disk defragmenter. Memory aid: Utilities are helpful tools, like a digital Swiss Army knife.
实用工具软件：执行维护任务的程序，如防病毒、备份、磁盘碎片整理。助记：实用工具就像数码瑞士军刀，帮你打理系统。
Device driver: A piece of software that allows the OS to communicate with a specific hardware device. Mnemonic: A driver translates between the OS language and the hardware’s language, like a bilingual interpreter.
设备驱动程序：使操作系统能与特定硬件设备通信的软件。速记：驱动程序就像双语翻译，在操作系统语言和硬件语言间转换。
Compiler: A program that translates high‑level source code into machine code all at once, producing an executable file. Mnemonic: A compiler compiles a whole book into a finished volume before anyone reads it.
编译器：一次性将高级源代码翻译为机器码并生成可执行文件的程序。速记：编译器是把整本书编译成完整卷册后，才供人阅读。
Interpreter: A program that translates high‑level code line by line at runtime, without creating an executable. Memory hook: An interpreter translates live, like a guide translating a speech sentence by sentence.
解释器：在运行时逐行翻译高级代码而不生成可执行文件的程序。记忆挂钩：解释器现场翻译，就像导游一句一句地翻译演讲。
6. Security, Privacy and Data Integrity | 安全、隐私与数据完整性
Malware: Malicious software designed to harm or exploit a computer system. Mnemonic: ‘Mal’ means bad (like ‘malice’) + ‘ware’ from software = bad software.
恶意软件：旨在破坏或利用计算机系统的有害软件。速记：’Mal’ 表示坏（如 malice），加 software 的 ware，就是坏软件。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where attackers disguise as trustworthy entities to steal sensitive information. Memory aid: Thieves ‘fish’ for your details with a fake bait email.
网络钓鱼：攻击者伪装成可信实体窃取敏感信息的社会工程攻击。助记：骗子用假鱼饵邮件’钓’取你的详细信息。
Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. Mnemonic: A firewall is a digital barrier that stops the ‘fire’ of threats from spreading into your system.
防火墙：监控并控制进出网络流量的安全系统。速记：防火墙就像一道数字屏障，阻挡威胁之火蔓延进系统。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and key, making it unreadable to unauthorised parties. Mnemonic: Encryption scrambles your message into a secret code; think of a secret ring decoder.
加密：用算法和密钥将明文转为密文，使未经授权者无法读懂的过程。速记：加密把你的消息搅成密码；像用秘密解码戒指一样。
Authentication: The process of verifying the identity of a user or device. Memory hook: ‘Auth’ sounds like ‘authority’; you prove you have the authority to enter.
身份验证：核实用户或设备身份的过程。记忆挂钩：’Auth’ 听起来像 ‘authority’；你证明自己有权限进入。
7. Ethics and Ownership | 道德与所有权
Copyright: Legal protection granting the creator exclusive rights to use and distribute their work. Mnemonic: The right to copy belongs to the creator; think ‘copy right’.
版权：赋予创作者使用和分发作品的专有权利的法律保护。速记：复制 (copy) 的权利 (right) 归于创作者；记’copy right’。
Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas and presenting them as your own. Memory aid: ‘Plagiar’ resembles ‘kidnapper’; you kidnap another’s words.
剽窃：使用他人作品或想法并当作自己的呈现的行为。助记：’Plagiar’ 与 ‘kidnapper’ 形似；你绑架了别人的文句。
Open source: Software whose source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. Mnemonic: The source is ‘open’ like an open book; everyone can read and improve it.
开源：源代码免费开放的软件，任何人都可查看、修改和分发。速记：源代码像翻开的书一样’开放’；人人都能阅读和改进。
Free software: Software that grants users the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, and change it; ‘free’ as in freedom, not always free of charge. Memory hook: ‘Free speech, not free beer’ – freedom, not price.
自由软件：赋予用户运行、复制、分发、研究和修改自由的软件；’free’ 指自由而非免费。记忆挂钩：’免费言论，而非免费啤酒’——是自由，不是价格。
Data Protection Act: Legislation that controls how personal data is used by organisations and protects individuals’ privacy. Mnemonic: The act puts a shield around personal data; remember ‘data needs protection’.
数据保护法：控制组织如何使用个人数据并保护个人隐私的法律。速记：该法案给个人数据加上防护盾；记’数据需要保护’。
8. Database Concepts | 数据库概念
Database: A structured collection
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