Year 12 OCR Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 西班牙语公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 12 OCR Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 西班牙语公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your Spanish grammar cheat sheet – a set of compact ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ built around the core Year 12 OCR syllabus. Think of each pattern as a mathematical identity: apply the stem and ending correctly, respect the conditions, and you will produce accurate Spanish every time. This handbook covers the principal verb tenses, key contrasts such as ser/estar and por/para, and the structural rules for pronouns and linking words.

欢迎使用你的西班牙语语法速查手册——一组围绕 OCR 考试局 Year 12 核心大纲构建的简洁“公式”与“定理”。把每个规律当作数学恒等式：正确运用词干和词尾，遵守条件，你就能每一次都写出准确的西班牙语。本手册涵盖主要的动词时态、ser 与 estar、por 与 para 等关键对比，以及代词和连接词的结构规则。

1. Present Tense Regular Verb Formula | 现在时规则动词变位公式

For regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs, remove the infinitive ending and add the following endings. This is the most fundamental formula in Spanish.

对于规则 -ar、-er 和 -ir 动词，去掉不定式词尾，加上下列词尾。这是西班牙语中最基本的公式。

Formula:

STEM + present endings: -o, -as/-es, -a/-e, -amos/-emos/-imos, -áis/-éis/-ís, -an/-en

-AR (hablar)	-ER (comer)	-IR (vivir)
hablo	como	vivo
hablas	comes	vives
habla	come	vive
hablamos	comemos	vivimos
habláis	coméis	vivís
hablan	comen	viven

Remember that stem-changing verbs (e → ie, o → ue, e → i) apply the change in all singular forms and in the third person plural, but not in the nosotros and vosotros forms. This is the ‘boot’ theorem.

记住，词干元音变化动词（e → ie、o → ue、e → i）的变化适用于所有单数人称以及第三人称复数，但不适用于 nosotros 和 vosotros 形式。这就是“靴子”定理。

---

2. Present Tense Key Irregular Verbs | 现在时常用不规则动词

Some of the most frequent verbs have irregular yo forms or are completely irregular. Learn these as fixed formulas.

一些最常用的动词第一人称单数不规则，或完全不规则。把这些当作固定公式来记。

Irregular yo only: hacer → hago, poner → pongo, salir → salgo, traer → traigo, conocer → conozco, dar → doy, saber → sé, ver → veo.

仅第一人称不规则：hacer → hago、poner → pongo、salir → salgo、traer → traigo、conocer → conozco、dar → doy、saber → sé、ver → veo。

Totally irregular verbs: ser (soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son), estar (estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están), ir (voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van), tener (tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen), venir (vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen).

完全不规则动词：ser（soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son）、estar（estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están）、ir（voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van）、tener（tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen）、venir（vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen）。

---

3. Perfect Tense Formula | 现在完成时公式

To form the perfect tense (pretérito perfecto), use the present tense of the auxiliary verb ‘haber’ plus the past participle. This formula is identical in structure to English ‘have done’.

构成现在完成时（pretérito perfecto），使用助动词 haber 的现在时加上过去分词。这个公式在结构上与英语“have done”完全一致。

PRESENT HABER + PAST PARTICIPLE

Haber: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han. Regular past participles: -AR → -ado (hablado), -ER/-IR → -ido (comido, vivido).

Haber：he、has、ha、hemos、habéis、han。规则过去分词：-AR 变为 -ado（hablado），-ER/-IR 变为 -ido（comido、vivido）。

Common irregular participles: abrir → abierto, escribir → escrito, hacer → hecho, decir → dicho, ver → visto, volver → vuelto, poner → puesto, romper → roto.

常见不规则过去分词：abrir → abierto、escribir → escrito、hacer → hecho、decir → dicho、ver → visto、volver → vuelto、poner → puesto、romper → roto。

---

4. Preterite Tense Formula | 简单过去时公式

The preterite (pretérito indefinido) expresses completed past actions. Its endings are fixed for regular verbs and have a set of strong irregular stems.

简单过去时（pretérito indefinido）表达已完成的过去动作。规则动词的变位词尾是固定的，同时有一组强不规则词干。

Regular preterite endings:

-AR: -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron
-ER/-IR: -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron

强不规则词干公式：新增一组特殊词干，施加统一重读词尾（-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron/-eron），且这些词干没有重音符号。

Common J-stem verbs: decir → dij-, traer → traj-, conducir → conduj- (third person plural -eron, e.g. dijeron).

常见 J 词干动词：decir → dij-、traer → traj-、conducir → conduj-（第三人称复数为 -eron，如 dijeron）。

Other strong stems: tener → tuv-, estar → estuv-, andar → anduv-, saber → sup-, poder → pud-, poner → pus-, querer → quis-, venir → vin-, hacer → hic- (third person singular hizo).

其他强变化词干：tener → tuv-、estar → estuv-、andar → anduv-、saber → sup-、poder → pud-、poner → pus-、querer → quis-、venir → vin-、hacer → hic-（第三人称单数 hizo）。

---

5. Imperfect Tense Formula | 未完成过去时公式

The imperfect (pretérito imperfecto) describes ongoing, habitual or background actions in the past. Only three verbs are irregular in this tense.

未完成过去时（pretérito imperfecto）描述过去持续、习惯性或背景性的动作。此同时态仅三个动词是不规则的。

-AR: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban
-ER/-IR: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían

Irregular verbs: ser (era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran), ir (iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban), ver (veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían).

不规则动词：ser（era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran）、ir（iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban）、ver（veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían）。

The imperfect is often used for descriptions, weather, time, age, and simultaneous actions. It contrasts with the preterite: imperfect provides the scene, preterite delivers the event.

通常用于描写、天气、时间、年龄以及同时发生的动作。与简单过去时形成对比：未完成过去时提供场景，简单过去时给出事件。

---

6. Future and Conditional Tense Formulas | 将来时与条件式公式

Both the future and the conditional are formed by attaching endings directly to the infinitive (with a set of twelve irregular stems).

将来时和条件式都是将词尾直接加在动词不定式之后（有十二个不规则词干）。

Future endings: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án. Conditional endings: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían.

Irregular stems: caber → cabr-, decir → dir-, haber → habr-, hacer → har-, poder → podr-, poner → pondr-, querer → querr-, saber → sabr-, salir → saldr-, tener → tendr-, valer → valdr-, venir → vendr-.

不规则词干：caber → cabr-、decir → dir-、haber → habr-、hacer → har-、poder → podr-、poner → pondr-、querer → querr-、saber → sabr-、salir → saldr-、tener → tendr-、valer → valdr-、venir → vendr-。

Remember: future expresses what will happen, conditional expresses what would happen, especially in hypothetical clauses with ‘si’ (if) using the imperfect subjunctive.

记住：将来时表达将要发生的事情，条件式表达会发生的事情，尤其用于与“si”（如果）搭配的虚拟式未完成过去时的假设从句中。

---

7. Present Subjunctive Formula | 虚拟式现在时公式

The present subjunctive is formed by taking the first person singular of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the ‘opposite’ vowel endings.

虚拟式现在时的构成：取现在时直陈式的第一人称单数，去掉词尾 -o，加上“相反”的元音词尾。

AR verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
ER/IR verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

It is used after expressions of wish, emotion, doubt, denial, impersonal expressions and certain conjunctions when there is a change of subject.

虚拟式用于表示愿望、情感、怀疑、否定、无人称表达以及某些连词引导的从句（当主语改变时）。

Key triggers: querer que, esperar que, tener miedo de que, es importante que, dudar que, para que, a menos que, etc.

主要触发词：querer que、esperar que、tener miedo de que、es importante que、dudar que、para que、a menos que 等。

Irregular subjunctive stems often follow the same irregularity as the yo form: tener → tenga, venir → venga, hacer → haga, poner → ponga, salir → salga, conocer → conozca, etc.

不规则虚拟式词干通常遵循和 yo 形式相同的不规则性：tener → tenga、venir → venga、hacer → haga、poner → ponga、salir → salga、conocer → conozca 等。

---

8. Affirmative Imperative Formula | 肯定命令式公式

The imperative mood gives commands. Affirmative tú commands use the third person singular present indicative. Usted and ustedes commands use the third person subjunctive forms. Vosotros simply changes the final -r of the infinitive to -d.

命令式用于发布指令。肯定式的 tú 命令式使用现在时直陈式第三人称单数；usted 和 ustedes 命令式使用第三人称虚拟式；vosotros 只需将不定式词尾 -r 换成 -d。

Tú: habla, come, vive. Usted: hable, coma, viva. Vosotros: hablad, comed, vivid. Ustedes: hablen, coman, vivan.

Irregular tú commands: hacer → haz, poner → pon, salir → sal, tener → ten, venir → ven, ser → sé, ir → ve, decir → di.

不规则 tú 命令式：hacer → haz、poner → pon、salir → sal、tener → ten、venir → ven、ser → sé、ir → ve、decir → di。

With object pronouns, affirmative commands attach the pronoun to the end (dime, dáselo), and a written accent is often needed to maintain stress.

当使用宾格代词时，肯定命令式将代词附着在命令式词尾（dime、dáselo），并且通常需要加重音符号以保持重音位置。

---

9. Ser vs Estar Theorem | Ser 与 Estar 使用定理

Both verbs mean ‘to be’, but ser expresses permanent or defining characteristics, while estar expresses states or conditions that are temporary or resulting.

两个动词都表示“是”，但 ser 表达永久性或决定性特征，而 estar 表达暂时的状态或导致的结果。

Ser – DOCTOR: Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time (date, time, days), Origin, Relationship.

Ser – DOCTOR 口诀：描述、职业、特征、时间（日期、钟点、星期）、来源、关系。

Estar – PLACE: Position, Location, Action in progress (gerund), Condition (physical/emotional), Emotion.

Estar – PLACE 口诀：位置、地点、正在进行的动作（副动词）、身体状况/条件、情绪。

Some adjectives change meaning depending on the verb: ser listo (clever) vs estar listo (ready); ser aburrido (boring) vs estar aburrido (bored).

一些形容词随所用动词而改变词义：ser listo（聪明）对比 estar listo（准备好）；ser aburrido（令人厌烦的）对比 estar aburrido（感到无聊的）。

---

10. Por vs Para Theorem | Por 与 Para 使用定理

The prepositions por and para are both usually translated as ‘for’, but follow distinct rules. Think of para as referring to destination, purpose, or deadlines; por typically expresses cause, means, or duration.

介词 por 和 para 通常都译为“为了”，但遵循明显不同的规则。可以将 para 理解为指目的地、目的或截止期限；por 则通常表达原因、方式或持续时间。

Para – PERFECT: Purpose, Effect, Recipient, Future point in time, Employment, Comparison, Toward (direction).

Para – PERFECT 口诀：目的、效果、接收者、未来时间点、职业、比较、朝向（方向）。

Por – DREAMS: Duration, Reason, Exchange, After (to fetch), Means, Substitute (on behalf of), movement through a place.

Por – DREAMS 口诀：持续时间、原因、交换、去取某物、方式、代替（代表）、穿过某个地方。

Examples: Estudio para aprender. (purpose) / Lo hago por ti. (reason, because of you)

例子：Estudio para aprender.（目的）/ Lo hago por ti.（原因，因为你）

---

11. Object Pronoun Placement Formula | 宾语代词位置公式

Direct and indirect object pronouns usually go immediately before the conjugated verb, or attached to the end of an infinitive, gerund, or affirmative imperative.

直接宾语代词和间接宾语代词通常置于变位动词之前，或附着在不定式、副动词或肯定命令式之后。

BEFORE conjugated verb or AFTER infinitive / gerund / imperative

Lo compro. / Voy a comprarlo. / Estoy comprándolo. / Cómpralo.

当句子里同时使用两个代词时，间接宾语代词（le/les）在前，直接宾语代词在后，且 le/les 在第三人称直接宾语代词（lo, la, los, las）前须变为 se：Se lo di.

Order: me, te, se, nos, os, se (indirect) then lo, la, los, las (direct). The ‘se’ replaces ‘le/les’ before ‘lo/la/los/las’.

顺序：me、te、se、nos、os、se（间接），然后 lo、la、los、las（直接）。间接宾格代词 le/les 在 lo/la/los/las 前须变成 se。

---

12. Relative Pronouns and Connectors | 关系代词与连接词

Relative pronouns link clauses and must agree with their antecedent in number and sometimes gender. The main relative pronoun is ‘que’ (that, which, who) for both people and things. ‘Quien/quienes’ is used only for people after a preposition or in non-restrictive clauses.

关系代词连接从句，必须与其先行词在数上保持一致，有时也要在性上一致。最主要的关系代词是 que（那、那个、那个……的人），指人或事物均可。quien/quienes 仅用于人，在介词之后或非限定性从句中。

El que, la que, los que, las que, lo que are used when there is more distance from the antecedent or when it is unclear. ‘Lo que’ refers to an idea or general concept (‘what’).

el que、la que、los que、las que、lo que 用于与先行词距离较远或先行词不明的情况。lo que 指代一个想法或一般概念（“所……的事情”）。

Other useful connectors: aunque (although), sin embargo (however), por lo tanto (therefore), además (furthermore), en cambio (on the other hand), mientras que (while, whereas).

其他有用连接词：aunque（虽然）、sin embargo（然而）、por lo tanto（因此）、además（此外）、en cambio（另一方面）、mientras que（而）。

Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）