Year 13 AQA Economics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 AQA 经济：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 13 AQA Economics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 AQA 经济：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook compiles all the essential formulae, theorems, and key quantitative relationships required for the Year 13 AQA Economics specification. It serves as a last-minute revision tool to ensure you can apply these concepts accurately in exam calculations and analysis. From production costs and profit maximisation to the multiplier and the Phillips curve, every critical formula is presented alongside its economic interpretation.

本速查手册汇集了 Year 13 AQA 经济课程所需的所有核心公式、定理和关键数量关系，是考前快速复习的利器，确保你在考试计算和分析中准确运用这些概念。从生产成本、利润最大化到乘数效应和菲利普斯曲线，每一个关键公式都配以经济含义解读。

1. Costs and Production | 成本与生产

Total cost (TC) is the sum of total fixed cost (TFC) and total variable cost (TVC): TC = TFC + TVC.

总成本 (TC) 是总固定成本 (TFC) 与总变动成本 (TVC) 之和：TC = TFC + TVC。

Average fixed cost (AFC) equals TFC divided by output (Q), while average variable cost (AVC) equals TVC divided by Q: AFC = TFC ÷ Q, AVC = TVC ÷ Q.

平均固定成本 (AFC) 等于 TFC 除以产量 (Q)，平均变动成本 (AVC) 等于 TVC 除以 Q：AFC = TFC ÷ Q，AVC = TVC ÷ Q。

Average total cost (ATC) can be expressed as TC ÷ Q, or the sum of AFC and AVC: ATC = AFC + AVC = TC ÷ Q.

平均总成本 (ATC) 可以表示为 TC ÷ Q，或 AFC 与 AVC 之和：ATC = AFC + AVC = TC ÷ Q。

Marginal cost (MC) is the addition to total cost from producing one more unit: MC = ΔTC ÷ ΔQ.

边际成本 (MC) 是额外生产一单位产品所带来的总成本增量：MC = ΔTC ÷ ΔQ。

The law of diminishing marginal returns states that as more variable factors are added to a fixed factor, the marginal product eventually falls, causing MC to rise.

边际收益递减规律表明，当向固定生产要素中不断增加可变要素时，边际产量最终会下降，导致 MC 上升。

When marginal cost is below average total cost, ATC is falling; when MC is above ATC, ATC is rising. The MC curve intersects the ATC and AVC curves at their minimum points.

当边际成本低于平均总成本时，ATC 下降；当 MC 高于 ATC 时，ATC 上升。MC 曲线在 ATC 和 AVC 曲线的最低点与之相交。

2. Revenues, Profit and Market Efficiency | 收益、利润与市场效率

Total revenue (

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