📚 Year 13 CCEA Physics: Glossary and Memory Tricks | CCEA 物理词汇速记指南
Mastering physics begins with a solid understanding of its terminology. This guide provides concise definitions and clever memory aids for the most important terms you’ll encounter in CCEA Year 13 (AS) Physics. By linking words to vivid images or patterns, you can boost recall and deepen comprehension.
掌握物理从牢固理解术语开始。本指南为你在CCEA Year 13 (AS) 物理中遇到的最重要术语提供简洁定义和巧妙记忆法。通过将词汇与生动图像或模式联系起来，你可以提高记忆并加深理解。
1. Kinematics and Motion | 运动学与运动
Displacement (s): Vector distance from origin to position; shortest straight-line path. Memory: ‘dis-PLACE-ment’ – you change place; arrow from start to finish.
位移（s）：从原点到位置的矢量距离；最短的直线路径。记忆法：“位移”就是位置发生了移动，从起点指向终点的箭头。
Velocity (v): Rate of change of displacement, a vector. Memory: ‘velocity’ contains ‘vel’ (speed) but with direction – think ‘velociraptor running with a purpose’.
速度（v）：位移变化率，是矢量。记忆：“速”度有方向，像“速龙”奔跑有目标。
Acceleration (a): Rate of change of velocity. Any change in speed or direction means acceleration. Mnemonic: A car ‘accelerates’ when it turns because direction changes!
加速度（a）：速度变化率。速率或方向的任何变化都意味着加速度。记忆：汽车转弯时方向改变，也是在“加速”度！
2. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
Work done (W): Force × distance moved in the direction of the force, W = Fd cos θ. Memory: ‘Work is force at work over a distance.’
功（W）：力 × 在力方向上的移动距离，W = Fd cos θ。记忆：“功”就是力在距离上“工作”。
Kinetic energy (Eₖ = ½mv²): Energy due to motion. Memory: ‘Kinetic’ sounds like ‘kinetic’ (moving) – think of a ‘kite’ dancing in the wind.
动能（Eₖ = ½mv²）：由于运动而具有的能量。记忆：“动”能就是运动的能，像风筝随风舞动。
Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ = mgh): Energy stored due to height in a gravitational field. Mnemonic: ‘mgh’ – ‘Milk Goes High’.
重力势能（Eₚ = mgh）：在引力场中由于高度而储存的能量。记忆：mgh – “牛奶升高”（Milk Goes High）。
3. Momentum and Impulse | 动量与冲量
Momentum (p = mv): Product of mass and velocity, a vector. Memory: ‘p’ for ‘push’ – more mass and velocity give more push.
动量（p = mv）：质量与速度的乘积，是矢量。记忆：p 像“扑”出去的劲头，质量速度越大冲力越大。
Impulse (FΔt = Δp): Change in momentum; equals area under a force–time graph. Memory: Impulse is what happens when you ‘impulsively’ push something – a force applied over a short time.
冲量（FΔt = Δp）：动量的变化；等于力-时间图下的面积。记忆：“冲”量是瞬间的推力，力在短时间内的作用。
Conservation of momentum: Total momentum before an event equals total momentum after, provided no external resultant force. Remember crash-test videos: the sum of mv stays the same.
动量守恒：无外合力时，事件前后总动量保持不变。记忆：碰碰车碰撞，mv 总和不变。
4. Materials and Hooke’s Law | 材料与胡克定律
Hooke’s Law: Extension is directly proportional to the applied force up to the limit of proportionality, F = kx. Memory: ‘Hooke’s law: force and extension are like a hooked spring – straight line until it snaps.’
胡克定律：在比例极限内，伸长量与力成正比，F = kx。记忆：“胡克”的“胡”像虎，弹簧像老虎伸懒腰，线性的直到拉断。
Stress (σ = F/A): Force per unit area; unit pascal (Pa). Memory: ‘Stress’ is what you feel under pressure – force spread over an area.
应力（σ = F/A）：单位面积上的力；单位帕斯卡（Pa）。记忆：“应力”如压力，力除以面积。
Strain (ε = ΔL/L): Extension per unit original length, dimensionless. Memory: ‘Strain’ is how much you stretch – a ratio of length change.
应变（ε = ΔL/L）：单位原长的伸长量，无量纲。记忆：“应”变就是拉长的比例。
5. Wave Key Terms | 波的关键术语
Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. Memory: ‘Ampli-‘ sounds like ‘ample’ – how big the wave is.
振幅（A）：离开平衡位置的最大位移。记忆：“振”幅就是波的大小，像“富足”的波。
Frequency (f): Number of complete cycles per second, unit hertz (Hz). Memory: ‘Frequent’ means often – how often the wave repeats.
频率（f）：每秒完整周期数，单位赫兹（Hz）。记忆：“频”繁程度，波多快重复。
Wavelength (λ): Distance between two consecutive points in phase. Memory: Lambda looks like a stretched wave; ‘wave-length’ – length of one full cycle.
波长（λ）：两个相邻同相点之间的距离。记忆：λ 像波浪；波的长度就是一个周期的长度。
Coherence: Waves with a constant phase difference and the same frequency. Memory: ‘Cohere’ means stick together; coherent waves stay in step.
相干：具有恒定相位差且频率相同的波。记忆：“相”干，步调一致地前进。
6. Electric Current and Potential Difference | 电流与电势差
Current (I): Rate of flow of charge, I = ΔQ/Δt; unit ampere (A). Memory: ‘Current’ flows like a river current – charge in motion.
电流（I）：电荷流动的速率，I = ΔQ/Δt；单位安培。记忆：“电”流像水流，电荷流动。
Potential difference (V): Energy transferred per unit charge, V = W/Q, often called voltage. Memory: ‘Potential’ is the ‘push’ that moves charge – think of a hill’s height difference providing energy.
电势差（V）：每单位电荷的能量转移，V = W/Q，常称作电压。记忆：“电势”差如同高度差，给电荷推力。
Ohm’s Law: At constant temperature, V = IR, with constant resistance. Memory: ‘V over I equals R’ – remember a ‘Viper’ to link V, I, R.
欧姆定律：恒温下 V = IR，电阻为常数。记忆：V=IR，用“Viper”（V I R）串联起来。
7. Quantum and Photoelectric Effect | 量子与光电效应
Photon: A quantum of electromagnetic energy, E = hf. Memory: ‘Photo’ means light; a photon is a tiny packet of light energy.
光子：电磁能量的量子，E = hf。记忆：“光”子是一小包光能量。
Work function (Φ): Minimum energy needed to eject an electron from a metal surface. Memory: The ‘work’ required to free an electron – like using a key to unlock a gate.
功函数（Φ）：从金属表面逸出一个电子所需的最小能量。记忆：“功”函数就是释放电子必须做的功，像钥匙开锁。
Threshold frequency (f₀): Minimum frequency for photoemission, f₀ = Φ/h. Below this, no electrons are emitted, no matter how intense the light. Memory: ‘Threshold’ – the door only opens when the frequency is high enough.
阈频率（f₀）：发生光电效应的最小频率，f₀ = Φ/h。低于此频率，无论光强多大都没电子逸出。记忆：“阈”值像门槛，频率够高才能跨过去。
8. Particle Categories | 粒子分类
Hadron: Particles made of quarks, such as protons (uud) and neutrons (udd); they feel the strong nuclear force. Memory: ‘Hadron’ sounds like ‘hard’ – strongly interacting.
强子：由夸克组成的粒子，如质子（uud）、中子（udd）；它们参与强相互作用。记忆：“强”子，强力感受者。
Lepton: Fundamental particles not made of quarks, e.g., electron, neutrino. They do not feel the strong force. Memory: ‘Lepton’ comes from ‘lepto’ meaning light – electrons are lightweight.
轻子：基本粒子，不由夸克组成，如电子、中微子；不参与强相互作用。记忆：“轻”子，质量轻。
Antiparticle: Has the same mass but opposite charge to its corresponding particle, e.g., positron is the anti-electron. Memory: ‘Anti’ means opposite – particle and antiparticle annihilate on meeting.
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