📚 Year 13 CIE Physics: Key Terms & Memory Hacks | Year 13 CIE 物理词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to this quick-memorisation guide tailored for Year 13 CIE A-Level Physics. Here we break down essential terminology from the A2 syllabus, coupling each term with a concise memory hook – whether an image, wordplay, or physical intuition – so that definitions stick when you need them most. Use these pairings to reinforce your revision and build confidence for structured and multiple-choice questions alike.
欢迎使用这本专为 Year 13 CIE A-Level 物理设计的速记指南。我们拆解 A2 考纲中的核心术语，为每个词汇配上简明的记忆钩子——可以是一幅图像、一段文字游戏或物理直觉——让定义在你最需要时牢牢扎根。利用这些中英配对强化复习，为简答题和选择题同时积累底气。
1. Circular Motion | 圆周运动
Angular displacement (θ) is the angle through which an object moves on a circular path. It is measured in radians, where 1 radian is the angle subtended when the arc length equals the radius. Remember: ‘radian’ links ‘radius’ and ‘arc’; one radian wraps one radius along the curve.
角位移 (θ) 是物体沿圆周路径转动过的角度，单位为弧度，1 弧度定义为弧长等于半径时所对的圆心角。记法：弧度(radian) = 半径(radius)在弧上弯一弯。
Angular velocity (ω) is the rate of change of angular displacement: ω = Δθ / Δt. Unit: rad s⁻¹. Think of ω as the number of radians swept out every second; the same ω for all points on a rigid rotating body.
角速度 (ω) 是角位移的时间变化率：ω = Δθ / Δt，单位为 rad s⁻¹。将 ω 想成每秒扫过的弧度数；刚体上所有点共享同一个 ω。
Centripetal acceleration (a_c) is the acceleration directed towards the centre of the circle, keeping an object in uniform circular motion. Magnitude: a = v²/r = ω²r. Use the ‘centre-seeking’ clue: centripetal = centrum (centre) + petere (to seek).
向心加速度 (a_c) 方向指向圆心，维持物体做匀速圆周运动。大小：a = v²/r = ω²r。用词根记忆：centripetal = centrum(中心) + petere(寻找)。
Centripetal force is the net force providing centripetal acceleration, F = mv²/r = mrω². It is not a new type of force but a role played by tension, gravity, friction, etc. Tip: if you feel thrown outward in a car, the real force on you is inward (centripetal).
向心力 是产生向心加速度的合力，F = mv²/r = mrω²。它不是一种新型力，而是拉力、引力、摩擦力等扮演的角色。提醒：在车内感觉向外甩，实际作用在你身上的力是向内的（向心）。
2. Gravitational Fields | 引力场
Gravitational field strength (g) at a point is the force per unit mass acting on a small test mass: g = F/m. Near a planet’s surface, g ≈ 9.81 N kg⁻¹. Radial field: g = GM / r². Remember: the field behaves like a fountain of ‘mass force lines’ spreading out from the mass centre.
引力场强度 (g) 是指单位质量所受到的引力：g = F/m。靠近行星表面处 g ≈ 9.81 N kg⁻¹。径向场：g = GM / r²。想象力线从质量中心如喷泉般向外辐射。
Gravitational potential (φ) is the work done per unit mass to bring a test mass from infinity to that point: φ = –GM / r. The negative sign means the potential is always negative or zero. Use the ‘well’ image: mass creates a potential well; you need energy to climb out.
引力势 (φ) 是把单位质量从无穷远移到该点所做的功：φ = –GM / r。负号表示势能始终为负或为零。用’势阱’图像：质量挖出势阱，爬出来需要能量。
Escape velocity is the minimum speed an object needs to leave a planet’s gravitational field without further propulsion: v_esc = √(2GM / R). Derived by setting kinetic energy equal to the magnitude of gravitational potential energy.
逃逸速度 是物体无需额外动力就能脱离行星引力场的最小速度：v_esc = √(2GM / R)。推导思路：动能刚好克服引力势能大小。
Geostationary orbit – a satellite orbits with period equal to Earth’s rotation (24 h), staying over the same point on the equator. Condition: r ≈ 42,300 km from Earth’s centre. Memory: ‘geo-stationary’ = ‘Earth-fixed’.
地球同步轨道 – 卫星运行周期等于地球自转周期 (24 h)，始终悬停在赤道上同一点上空。轨道半径约 42,300 km。记法：’geo-stationary’ = ‘地球定格’。
3. Simple Harmonic Motion | 简谐运动
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) occurs when acceleration is proportional to displacement from equilibrium and always directed towards that equilibrium: a = – ω²x. The minus sign guarantees the restoring nature.
简谐运动 (SHM) 当加速度与离开平衡位置的位移成正比且始终指向平衡位置时发生：a = – ω²x。负号保证其恢复特性。
Amplitude (x₀) is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. Energy in SHM alternates between kinetic and potential forms, but total energy ∝ (x₀)².
振幅 (x₀) 是离平衡位置的最大位移。简谐运动中能量在动能和势能之间转换，但总能量正比于振幅平方。
Period (T) for a mass-spring system: T = 2π √(m/k); for a simple pendulum: T = 2π √(L/g). Rhyme: ‘spring depends on mass and k, pendulum length and g all day.’
周期 (T) 弹簧振子：T = 2π √(m/k)；单摆：T = 2π √(L/g)。口诀：弹簧看质量与劲度，单摆长度和重力加速度。
Phase difference describes how much two oscillations are ‘out of step’, measured in radians. In phase: 0 or 2π; anti-phase: π. Phase links to the angle in the rotating-vector (phasor) model.
相位差 描述两个振动’不同步’的程度，以弧度度量。同相：0 或 2π；反相：π。相位对应旋转矢量（相量）模型中的角度。
Damping removes energy from an oscillating system; light damping gradually reduces amplitude, critical damping returns to equilibrium fastest without overshoot, heavy damping creeps back slowly.
阻尼 移除振动系统能量；轻阻尼振幅逐渐减小，临界阻尼最快回到平衡且无超调，过阻尼缓慢爬回。
4. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Internal energy is the sum of randomly distributed kinetic energy and potential energy of all particles in a substance. Change in internal energy ΔU = Q + W (with sign convention: work done on system is positive).
内能 是物质内所有粒子随机分布的动能和势能之和。内能变化 ΔU = Q + W（符号约定：对系统做功为正）。
Specific heat capacity (c) is energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 K: Q = mcΔθ. Think of water’s high c as a thermal sponge – it absorbs lots of heat with little temperature change.
比热容 (c) 使 1 kg 物质升温 1 K 所需的能量：Q = mcΔθ。水的 c 很大，像一块热海绵——吸收大量热而温度变化很小。
Specific latent heat (L) is energy needed to change the state of 1 kg without temperature change: Q = mL. Fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling) each have their own L.
比潜热 (L) 是使 1 kg 物质在不变温下改变状态所需的能量：Q = mL。熔化（熔解）和汽化（沸腾）各有各自的潜热。
Ideal gas assumptions: molecules have negligible volume, no intermolecular forces, obey Newton’s laws, and undergo perfectly elastic collisions. Equation of state: pV = nRT. The link: kinetic theory delivers pV = ⅓ Nm〈c²〉.
理想气体假设： 分子体积忽略、分子间无作用力、服从牛顿定律、碰撞完全弹性。状态方程：pV = nRT。动力学理论给出 pV = ⅓ Nm〈c²〉。
Boltzmann constant (k) relates the average kinetic energy of a gas molecule to absolute temperature: 〈Ek〉 = 3/2 kT. Here k = R / N_A. Memory: ‘k’ is the tiny bridge between big-scale R and single-molecule energy.
玻尔兹曼常数 (k) 将气体分子平均动能与绝对温度联系起来：〈Ek〉 = 3/2 kT，其中 k = R / N_A。记法：’k’ 是宏观 R 与单分子能量间的小桥梁。
5. Electric Fields | 电场
Electric field strength (E) at a point is the force per unit positive charge: E = F / q. For a point charge: E = kQ / r². Field lines point away from positive charges. Visualise ‘E’ as ‘Electric push per coulomb’.
电场强度 (E) 是单位正电荷所受的力：E = F / q。点电荷：E = kQ / r²。电场线背离正电荷。想象 E 是’每库仑的电推力’。
Electric potential (V) at a point is the work done per unit charge to bring a small positive test charge from infinity to that point: V = kQ / r. Equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to field lines.
电势 (V) 是把单位正电荷从无穷远移到该点所做的功：V = kQ / r。等势面垂直于电场线。
Coulomb’s law gives the force between two point charges: F = kQ₁Q₂ / r². The constant k = 1/(4πε₀). Think ‘two Q’s, inverse square, separated by r’.
库仑定律 给出两点电荷间作用力：F = kQ₁Q₂ / r²。常数 k = 1/(4πε₀)。记忆：’两个 Q，平方反比，被 r 隔开’。
Permittivity of free space (ε₀) describes how well a vacuum permits electric fields. It appears in capacitance and Coulomb’s law. Trick: epsilon looks like ‘e’ for electric; the subscript zero means vacuum.
真空介电常数 (ε₀) 描述真空对电场的容纳能力。出现在电容和库仑定律中。记法：epsilon 像 ‘e’ 代表 electric，下标 0 代表 vacuum。
6. Capacitance | 电容
Capacitance (C) is the charge stored per unit potential difference: C = Q / V, unit farad (F). A capacitor stores energy in an electric field between its plates.
电容 (C) 是单位电势差下储存的电荷：C = Q / V，单位法拉 (F)。电容器在两极板间的电场中储存能量。
Capacitor charge/discharge: Q = Q₀ e^(–t/RC) for discharge, Q = Q₀ (1 – e^(–t/RC)) for charging. The time constant τ = RC determines how fast the voltage changes; after τ, charge falls to ~37%.
电容充放电： 放电 Q = Q₀ e^(–t/RC)，充电 Q = Q₀ (1 – e^(–t/RC))。时间常数 τ = RC 决定电压变化快慢；经过 τ，电荷降至初始的约 37%。
Energy stored in a capacitor: E = ½ QV = ½ CV² = ½ Q²/C. The ½ comes from the average voltage during charging. Think: ‘half because V builds gradually’.
电容器储存能量： E = ½ QV = ½ CV² = ½ Q²/C。½ 来自充电过程中电压的平均值。记忆：’电压是逐步建立的，所以能量取半’。
Dielectric – an insulating material inserted between plates to increase capacitance by factor ε_r (relative permittivity). Dielectric weakens the field, allowing more charge for the same voltage.
电介质 – 插入极板间的绝缘材料，以因子 ε_r（相对介电常数）增大电容。电介质削弱电场，使同电压下能储存更多电荷。
7. Magnetic Fields | 磁场
Magnetic flux density (B) measures the strength of a magnetic field, defined by F = BIL sinθ for a current-carrying conductor, or F = BQv sinθ for a moving charge. Unit: tesla (T). Picture field lines as ‘magnetic traffic lanes’; closer lines mean stronger B.
磁通量密度 (B) 表示磁场强弱，由载流导体受力 F = BIL sinθ 或运动电荷受力 F = BQv sinθ 定义。单位：特斯拉 (T)。把磁感线想象成’磁力车道’，线越密 B 越强。
Fleming’s left-hand rule predicts direction of force (thuMb – Motion, First finger – Field, seCond finger – Current). ‘F-B-I’: Field, Thumb, Current? No – classic mnemonic: ‘FBI’: Force = thuMb, Field = First finger, Current = seCond finger.
弗莱明左手定则 判断力方向：拇指 (Motion) – 力，食指 (Field) – 磁场，中指 (Current) – 电流。口诀：’左力右电’，左手定则记’FBI’。
Magnetic flux (Φ) is the product of flux density and perpendicular area: Φ = BA cosθ. Unit: weber (Wb). Imagine ‘flux’ as the number of field lines threading a loop.
磁通量 (Φ) 是磁通量密度与垂直面积的乘积：Φ = BA cosθ。单位：韦伯 (Wb)。想象’磁通’为穿过线圈的磁感线数目。
Faraday’s law of induction states that induced e.m.f. equals the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage: ε = – d(NΦ)/dt. The negative sign reflects Lenz’s law – the induced e.m.f. opposes the change causing it.
法拉第电磁感应定律 指出感应电动势等于磁链变化率的负值：ε = – d(NΦ)/dt。负号反映楞次定律——感应电动势总要反抗引起它的变化。
8. Electromagnetic Induction | 电磁感应
Motional e.m.f. generated when a conductor moves through a magnetic field: ε = BLv (for rod perpendicular to field). Remember the dance: ‘cutting flux lines with speed v creates e.m.f.’
动生电动势 发生在导体切割磁感线时：ε = BLv（杆垂直于磁场）。记住这个动作：’以速度 v 切割磁感线就产生电动势’。
Lenz’s law: the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. It is a conservation-of-energy story: if the induced current helped the change, you’d get a perpetual motion machine.
楞次定律： 感应电流的方向总是反抗引起它的磁通量变化。本质是能量守恒：如果感应电流助推变化，就会造出永动机。
Self-inductance (L) occurs when a changing current in a coil induces an e.m.f. within itself: ε = –L dI/dt. Unit: henry (H). Inductors ‘resist’ changes in current, like electrical inertia.
自感 (L) 当线圈中电流变化时，在线圈自身感应出电动势：ε = –L dI/dt。单位：亨利 (H)。电感像’电惯性’一样阻碍电流变化。
Transformer operates on mutual induction; turns ratio determines voltage transformation: V_s / V_p = N_s / N_p. For an ideal transformer, primary power equals secondary power: I_p V_p = I_s V_s.
变压器 利用互感原理工作；匝数比决定电压变换：V_s / V_p = N_s / N_p。理想变压器输入功率等于输出功率：I_p V_p = I_s V_s。
9. Alternating Currents | 交流电
Root-mean-square (rms) value converts an a.c. quantity to an equivalent d.c. value for power: I_rms = I₀ / √2, V_rms = V₀ / √2. Think: ‘rms gives the d.c. equivalent that delivers the same heating effect’.
均方根值 (rms) 将交流量转换为等效的直流值以计算功率：I_rms = I₀ / √2，V_rms = V₀ / √2。记法：’rms 给出相同热效应的直流等值’。
Peak-to-peak voltage is twice the peak voltage, V_pp = 2V₀. An oscilloscope displays peak-to-peak easily; remember to divide by 2 to get V₀ before finding rms.
峰峰值电压 是峰值电压的两倍：V_pp = 2V₀。示波器上容易读出峰峰值；求 rms 前记得先除以 2 得到 V₀。
Reactance – the ‘a.c. resistance’ of a capacitor (X_C = 1/ωC) or inductor (X_L = ωL). Capacitive reactance falls with frequency; inductive reactance rises. Phase relationships: ‘ICE’ – Current leads Voltage in a Capacitor; ‘ELI’ – Voltage leads Current in an Inductor.
电抗 – 电容器或电感器的’交流电阻’：容抗 X_C = 1/ωC，感抗 X_L = ωL。容抗随频率增大而减小，感抗随频率增大而增大。相位关系口诀：’ICE’ – 电容中电流(C)领先电压(E)；’ELI’ – 电感中电压(E)领先电流(I)。
Rectification converts a.c. to d.c. Half-wave uses one diode; full-wave uses a bridge rectifier, producing a smoother output. Smoothing capacitors then reduce ripple.
整流 把交流转换为直流。半波整流只用一只二极管；全波整流用桥式整流器，输出更平滑。再用滤波电容减小波动。
10. Quantum Physics | 量子物理
Photon energy: E = hf = hc / λ, where h is Planck’s constant. The photon is a ‘packet’ of electromagnetic energy. Word link: ‘photon’ = ‘photo’ (light) + ‘on’ (particle).
光子能量： E = hf = hc / λ，h 为普朗克常数。光子是电磁能量的’颗粒’。词根：’photon’ = ‘photo'(光) + ‘on'(粒子)。
Photoelectric effect demonstrates light’s particle nature. Key equation: hf = Φ + KE_max, where Φ is the work function (minimum energy to eject an electron). If f is below the threshold frequency f₀ = Φ/h, no electrons are emitted, regardless of intensity.
光电效应 证实光的粒子性。关键方程：hf = Φ + KE_max，其中 Φ 是功函数（逸出电子的最小能量）。光频低于截止频率 f₀ = Φ/h 时，无论光强多大，都无电子逸出。
Wave-particle duality: de Broglie wavelength λ = h / p. Matter exhibits wave-like properties; electrons can diffract. Memorise: ‘moving particle has a wave wrapped around its momentum’.
波粒二象性： 德布罗意波长 λ = h / p。物质表现出波动性；电子可发生衍射。记忆：’运动粒子周围裹着一层波，波长取决于动量’。
Energy levels & spectra: electrons in atoms exist in discrete energy levels. When an electron transitions from level n₂ to n₁, a photon of energy ΔE = E₂ – E₁ is emitted/absorbed. Line spectra act as atomic fingerprints.
能级与光谱： 原子中电子处于离散能级。电子从 n₂ 跃迁到 n₁ 时，发射或吸收能量 ΔE = E₂ – E₁ 的光子。线状光谱是原子的指纹。
11. Nuclear Physics | 核物理
Mass defect is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of the masses of its individual protons and neutrons. This ‘missing’ mass appears as binding energy via E = mc².
质量亏损 是原子核质量与组成它的单个核子质量总和之差。这些’消失’的质量通过 E = mc² 转化为结合能。
Binding energy per nucleon = (mass defect × c²) / number of nucleons. It peaks around iron-56, the most stable nuclear region. Fusion and fission both move toward this peak, releasing energy.
比结合能（每核子结合能） = (质量亏损 × c²) / 核子数。它在铁-56 附近达到最大，为最稳定核区。聚变和裂变都是向此峰靠拢，释放能量。
Radioactive decay law: activity A = λN, and number of nuclei decays as N = N₀ e^(–λt). Half-life T_½ = ln2 / λ. The decay constant λ is the probability of decay per unit time.
放射性衰变定律： 活度 A = λN，核数目衰变遵循 N = N₀ e^(–λt)。半衰期 T_½ = ln2 / λ。衰变常数 λ 是单位时间内一个核发生衰变的概率。
Alpha, beta, gamma radiation: α-particle = helium nucleus (2p+2n), highly ionising, stopped by paper; β⁻ = fast electron, stopped by aluminium; γ = EM wave, least ionising, reduced by lead. Memory: ‘Alpha heavy and charged, beta swift and light, gamma neutral and bright.’
α、β、γ 辐射： α 粒子 = 氦核 (2p+2n)，电离能力最强，纸张可挡；β⁻ = 高速电子，铝箔可挡；γ = 电磁波，电离最弱，铅可衰减。顺口溜：’α 沉甸甸带正电，β 轻飘飘飞电子，γ 不带电穿透强’。
12. Particle Physics | 粒子物理
Fundamental particles: quarks (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom) and leptons (electron, muon, tau, plus their neutrinos). Hadrons are quark composites: baryons (3 quarks, e.g. proton uud) and mesons (quark-antiquark). ‘Leptons are light; hadrons are heavy.’
基本粒子： 夸克（上、下、粲、奇、顶、底）和轻子（电子、μ子、τ子及对应中微子）。强子是夸克复合体：重子（3 夸克，如质子 uud）和介子（正反夸克对）。’轻子轻，强子重’。
Conservation laws: in any interaction, charge, baryon number,
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