📚 Year 13 Edexcel Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | A-Level Edexcel 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This concise handbook collates the fundamental grammatical “formulae” and “theorems” you need for Year 13 Edexcel Spanish. Treat each rule as a plug-and-play template: once you have memorised the pattern, you can generate accurate sentences instantly under exam pressure. From regular verb conjugation blueprints to the subtle distinctions between por and para, every section is designed to be a rapid revision tool.
本简明手册整理了 Year 13 Edexcel 西班牙语所需的核心语法“公式”与“定理”。将每一条规则视为即插即用的模板，一旦记住模式，考试中便能瞬间生成正确句子。从规则动词变位蓝图到 por 与 para 的微妙区分，每一节都是快速复习利器。
1. Present Tense Regular Verb Conjugation Formulae | 现在时规则动词变位公式
The present tense expresses ongoing, habitual or general truths. The formula is simple: stem + personal ending. Every regular verb belongs to one of three families: -ar, -er, -ir.
现在时表示正在进行的动作、习惯或普遍事实。公式简单：词干 + 人称词尾。所有规则动词分属 -ar、-er、-ir 三个家族。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo (I) | -o (hablo) | -o (como) | -o (vivo) |
| tú (you sing. informal) | -as (hablas) | -es (comes) | -es (vives) |
| él/ella/usted (he/she/you formal) | -a (habla) | -e (come) | -e (vive) |
| nosotros/as (we) | -amos (hablamos) | -emos (comemos) | -imos (vivimos) |
| vosotros/as (you pl. informal) | -áis (habláis) | -éis (coméis) | -ís (vivís) |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes (they/you pl. formal) | -an (hablan) | -en (comen) | -en (viven) |
Note that stem-changing verbs (e → ie, o → ue, e → i) and irregular yo forms are variations of this template; always learn the yo form first as it often unlocks the subjunctive stem.
注意词干变化动词（e → ie、o → ue、e → i）和不规则 yo 形式是该模板的变体；务必首先掌握 yo 形式，它往往是虚拟式词干的钥匙。
2. Preterite Tense Regular Verb Conjugation Formulae | 简单过去时规则动词变位公式
The preterite expresses completed actions in the past. The formula again relies on adding specific endings to the stem, but -er and -ir verbs share the same preterite endings.
简单过去时表示过去完成的动作。公式同样依赖在词干上添加特定词尾，但 -er 和 -ir 动词共用同一套过去时词尾。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er/-ir (comer/vivir) |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -é (hablé) | -í (comí / viví) |
| tú | -aste (hablaste) | -iste (comiste / viviste) |
| él/ella/usted | -ó (habló) | -ió (comió / vivió) |
| nosotros/as | -amos (hablamos) | -imos (comimos / vivimos) |
| vosotros/as | -asteis (hablasteis) | -isteis (comisteis / vivisteis) |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | -aron (hablaron) | -ieron (comieron / vivieron) |
Key orthographic changes: -car → -qué, -gar → -gué, -zar → -cé in the yo form preserve pronunciation. Memorise this as spelling theorem to apply automatically.
关键拼写变化：-car → -qué、-gar → -gué、-zar → -cé 在 yo 形式中保持发音。将此视作拼写定理，做到自动应用。
3. Imperfect Tense Formulae | 未完成过去时公式
The imperfect describes ongoing, habitual or background actions in the past. The formula is wonderfully regular: only three verbs (ir, ser, ver) are irregular.
未完成过去时描述过去持续的、习惯性的或背景动作。公式极为规则，只有三个动词（ir、ser、ver）是不规则的。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er/-ir (comer/vivir) |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -aba (hablaba) | -ía (comía / vivía) |
| tú | -abas (hablabas) | -ías (comías / vivías) |
| él/ella/usted | -aba (hablaba) | -ía (comía / vivía) |
| nosotros/as | -ábamos (hablábamos) | -íamos (comíamos / vivíamos) |
| vosotros/as | -abais (hablabais) | -íais (comíais / vivíais) |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | -aban (hablaban) | -ían (comían / vivían) |
Always carry the written accent on -ábamos, -ías and similar forms. The imperfect is the “go-to” tense for describing weather, time, age and ongoing past actions.
务必在 -ábamos、-ías 等形式上带书面重音。未完成过去时是描述天气、时间、年龄和过去持续动作的“首选”时态。
4. Future & Conditional Tense Formulae | 将来时与条件式公式
Both the future and the conditional are formed by attaching endings to the full infinitive. There are no stem removals, but a handful of irregular stems (tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, etc.) must be memorised.
将来时和条件式都是将词尾直接加到整个不定式之后构成的。不存在去词干操作，但少数不规则词干（tener → tendr-、salir → saldr-等）需要牢记。
Future formula: infinitive + -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án
将来时公式：不定式 + -é、-ás、-á、-emos、-éis、-án
Conditional formula: infinitive + -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían
条件式公式：不定式 + -ía、-ías、-ía、-íamos、-íais、-ían
This is immensely efficient: learn one infinitive pattern and you can express probability, polite requests and hypothetical outcomes.
这极其高效：学会一个不定式模式，就能表达可能性、礼貌请求和假设结果。
5. Perfect Tenses with Haber | 完成时态构成公式
All perfect tenses follow the theorem: conjugated haber + past participle. The past participle never changes in this construction.
所有完成时态遵循定理：haber 变位 + 过去分词。在这一结构中过去分词永不变化。
- Present perfect: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + past participle
- 现在完成时：he、has、ha、hemos、habéis、han + 过去分词
- Pluperfect: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + past participle
- 过去完成时：había、habías、había、habíamos、habíais、habían + 过去分词
- Future perfect: habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán + past participle
- 将来完成时：habré、habrás、habrá、habremos、habréis、habrán + 过去分词
- Conditional perfect: habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían + past participle
- 条件完成时：habría、habrías、habría、habríamos、habríais、habrían + 过去分词
Regular past participles: -ar → -ado (hablado), -er/-ir → -ido (comido, vivido). Watch for irregulars such as abierto, escrito, dicho, hecho, visto.
规则过去分词：-ar → -ado（hablado），-er/-ir → -ido（comido、vivido）。注意不规则形式，如 abierto、escrito、dicho、hecho、visto。
6. Present Subjunctive Formulae | 现在虚拟式构成公式
The present subjunctive stem is derived from the first person singular (yo) of the present indicative. Remove the -o and add opposite vowel endings.
现在虚拟式词干取现在时第一人称单数 (yo) 的词干。去掉 -o，加上相反元音词尾。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hable | coma | viva |
| tú | hables | comas | vivas |
| él/ella/usted | hable | coma | viva |
| nosotros/as | hablemos | comamos | vivamos |
| vosotros/as | habléis | comáis | viváis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablen | coman | vivan |
This is the master formula: if you know the yo form (hablo → hable, tengo → tenga, conozco → conozca), you can build the entire subjunctive. Use it after expressions of desire, doubt, emotion and impersonal statements.
这是万能公式：只要知道 yo 形式（hablo → hable、tengo → tenga、conozco → conozca），就能构造整个虚拟式。在表达愿望、怀疑、情感及无人称句之后使用。
7. Imperfect Subjunctive Formulae | 过去虚拟式构成公式
The imperfect subjunctive has two interchangeable forms, both derived from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -ron and add either -ra or -se endings.
过去虚拟式有两种可互换形式，都源自简单过去时第三人称复数。去掉 -ron，加上 -ra 或 -se 词尾。
- -ra form: hablaron → habla- + -ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran
- -ra 形式：hablaron → habla- + -ra、-ras、-ra、-ramos、-rais、-ran
- -se form: hablaron → habla- + -se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen
- -se 形式：hablaron → habla- + -se、-ses、-se、-semos、-seis、-sen
This works for all verbs, including irregulars: tuvieron → tuviera/tuviese, dijeron → dijera/dijese. Use in si-clauses, polite requests and after past-tense triggers.
此公式适用于所有动词，包括不规则动词：tuvieron → tuviera/tuviese，dijeron → dijera/dijese。用于 si-从句、礼貌请求及过去时引导词后。
8. Commands (Imperative) Formulae | 命令式公式
Imperatives are presented as three distinct formulas: affirmative tú, affirmative vosotros, and all formal/negative commands (which borrow the subjunctive).
命令式呈现为三种不同公式：肯定 tú、肯定 vosotros，以及所有礼貌/否定命令（借用虚拟式）。
- Affirmative tú: Use the 3rd person singular of the present indicative. Except eight irregulars: ven, di, sal, haz, ten, ve, pon, sé.
- 肯定 tú：使用现在时第三人称单数。八个不规则除外：ven、di、sal、haz、ten、ve、pon、sé。
- Affirmative vosotros: Replace the final -r of the infinitive with -d. (hablad, comed, vivid)
- 肯定 vosotros：将不定式末尾 -r 替换为 -d。（hablad、comed、vivid）
- Formal (usted/ustedes) and all negative commands: Use the corresponding present subjunctive forms. (no hables, hable, no comamos, etc.)
- 礼貌式 (usted/ustedes) 及所有否定命令：使用相应现在虚拟式形式。（no hables、hable、no comamos 等）
Pronouns attach to affirmative commands (dame, decidme) but precede negative ones (no me des, no me digáis).
代词附在肯定命令后（dame、decidme），但置于否定命令前（no me des、no me digáis）。
9. Ser & Estar Usage Rules | Ser 与 Estar 使用规则
The “to be” verbs can be reduced to two acronym-based theorems. Ser is used for permanent, defining qualities; Estar for states and locations.
动词“是/在”可归纳为两个基于首字母缩写的定理。Ser 用于永久、定义性品质；Estar 用于状态与位置。
- SER — ‘DOCTOR’ formula: Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time/date, Origin, RPublished by TutorHao | Year 13 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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