📚 Year 13 OCR Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Memory Guide | 13年级 OCR 工程：词汇术语速记指南
This guide presents essential engineering terms for Year 13 OCR students, pairing clear definitions with memory aids to help you recall concepts quickly. Each term is explained in English and Chinese to strengthen your bilingual understanding.
本指南为13年级OCR工程学生呈现核心工程术语，配以清晰定义和记忆辅助，助你快速回忆概念。每个术语均用英中双语解释，以巩固你的双语理解。
1. Material Properties | 材料性质
Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation before fracture – think of copper being drawn into wire. Remember ‘duct’ as in ‘duct tape’, which can stretch.
延展性是材料在断裂前能发生显著塑性变形的能力——想想铜被拉成丝。记住’duct’ 如同 ‘duct tape’（布基胶带），可以拉伸。
Brittleness describes materials like glass that break suddenly with almost no plastic deformation and no warning. A brittle snap is clean and abrupt.
脆性描述像玻璃这样突然断裂的材料，几乎没有塑性变形，也没有预警。脆性断裂干脆利落。
Toughness measures how much energy a material can absorb before fracturing; it combines strength and ductility. A tough material resists impact, such as a car bumper.
韧性衡量材料在断裂前能吸收多少能量，是强度与延展性的结合。韧性好的材料耐撞击，例如汽车保险杠。
Hardness is resistance to indentation or scratching – diamond is extremely hard. In engineering we use Brinell or Rockwell tests; think ‘hard to indent’.
硬度是抵抗压痕或划擦的能力——金刚石极硬。工程上使用布氏或洛氏测试；想着“难以压入”。
Fatigue is progressive structural damage caused by repeated cyclic loading, such as a wire bent back and forth that eventually snaps. Think ‘tired material’.
疲劳是由反复循环载荷引起的渐进式结构损伤，比如来回折弯最终断掉的金属丝。想象“材料累了”。
2. Metals and Alloys | 金属与合金
Ferrous metals contain iron and are usually magnetic; they rust unless protected. The root ‘ferro’ means iron, as in the periodic symbol Fe.
黑色金属含铁，通常有磁性；如不保护会生锈。词根’ferro’意为铁，如同元素符号Fe。
Non-ferrous metals have no iron – aluminium, copper, and zinc are examples. They resist corrosion better and are often lighter.
有色金属不含铁——铝、铜、锌是常见例子。它们耐腐蚀性更好，通常更轻。
An alloy is a mixture of elements designed to improve properties; steel is iron plus carbon, while brass is copper plus zinc. Alloys are like recipe blends.
合金是为改善性能而混合的元素；钢是铁加碳，黄铜是铜加锌。合金好比配方混合物。
Stainless steel relies on at least 10.5% chromium to form a passive oxide layer that blocks rust. Memory trick: ‘chrome coat protects’.
不锈钢靠至少10.5%的铬形成钝化氧化层来阻挡生锈。记忆窍门：“铬外套提供保护”。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting pours molten metal into a mould; sand casting is versatile for large engine blocks. Picture liquid metal filling a cavity.
铸造将熔融金属浇入模具；砂型铸造可灵活制造大型发动机缸体。想象液态金属填满空腔。
Forging shapes metal using compressive forces, often while red-hot, aligning grain flow and boosting strength. Think of a blacksmith hammering.
锻造用压缩力使金属成形，常趁热打铁，理顺晶粒流向并提高强度。就像铁匠锤打。
Extrusion pushes material through a shaped die, like toothpaste from a tube, to create long constant profiles such as window frames. Continuous cross-section is key.
挤压将材料推过定型模具，如同挤牙膏，制造出窗框等连续恒定截面型材。关键在连续横截面。
Machining removes material with a cutting tool (turning, milling, drilling) to achieve precise dimensions. Subtraction, not addition.
机械加工用切削刀具（车、铣、钻）去除材料以获得精确尺寸。是减法，而非加法。
Additive manufacturing builds objects layer by layer from a 3D model, enabling complex geometries and rapid prototyping. ‘Add’ not ‘cut’.
增材制造根据三维模型逐层构建物体，可实现复杂几何形状和快速原型制作。“增材”而非“减材”。
4. Statics and Stress Analysis | 静力学与应力分析
Stress (σ) = force / cross-sectional area, measured in Pa or N/m². Use the formula
σ = F / A
to remember internal load distribution.
应力(σ) = 力 / 横截面积，单位为帕斯卡或牛/米²。用公式 σ = F / A 记忆载荷内部分布。
Strain (ε) = change in length / original length, a dimensionless ratio. If a 100 mm bar stretches to 100.5 mm, ε = 0.005.
应变(ε) = 长度变化量 / 原始长度，无量纲比值。若100毫米杆拉长至100.5毫米，则ε = 0.005。
Young’s modulus (E) = stress / strain in the elastic region; it represents stiffness. A high E means steep slope on a stress-strain graph. Think ‘Young man, tough to stretch’.
杨氏模量(E) = 弹性区内应力/应变；表示刚度。E值高意味着应力-应变图斜率陡。联想“年轻人，难拉伸”。
Shear stress arises when a force acts parallel to a plane, as in scissors. τ = F/A for parallel area. Rivets experience shear.
剪切应力产生于力与平面平行时，如剪刀剪切。τ = F/A (对于平行面积)。铆钉承受剪切。
Factor of safety = ultimate stress / design stress, ensuring structures can handle unexpected loads. A bridge might use FoS of 2.0.
安全系数 = 极限应力 / 设计应力，确保结构能应对意外载荷。桥梁可能采用2.0的安全系数。
5. Dynamics and Energy | 动力学与能量
Velocity (v) is displacement per unit time with direction; scalar speed has no direction. Use v = s/t for uniform motion.
速度(v)是单位时间内的位移并带有方向；标量速率无方向。匀速运动用v = s/t。
Acceleration (a) = Δv/Δt. Even a negative value means deceleration if velocity drops. Free fall acceleration is about 9.81 m/s².
加速度(a) = Δv/Δt。若速度下降，负值表示减速。自由落体加速度约为9.81 m/s²。
Kinetic energy = ½ m v². This quadratic relation means doubling speed quadruples the energy – critical in crash analysis.
动能 = ½ m v²。这平方关系意味着速度加倍则能量增至四倍——在碰撞分析中至关重要。
Power (P) = work done / time = F × v for constant force. Measured in watts (J/s). An engine’s power rating links torque and rpm.
功率(P) = 做功 / 时间 = 恒力时的F×v。单位为瓦特(J/s)。发动机功率标定与扭矩和转速相关。
Efficiency = (useful output / input) × 100%. No machine is 100% efficient due to friction and heat. A typical electric motor may be 85% efficient.
效率 = (有用输出 / 输入) × 100%。因摩擦和热量，没有机器能达到100%效率。典型电动机约85%效率。
6. Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals | 电气与电子基础
Voltage (V) is the ‘push’ that drives current; measured in volts. Think of it as electrical pressure from a battery.
电压(V)是驱动电流的“推力”，单位为伏特。可将其想象为电池的电气压力。
Current (I) is charge flow rate (amperes, A). 1 A = 1 C/s. In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere.
电流(I)是电荷流动速率（安培，A）。1安培=1库仑/秒。在串联电路中，各处电流相同。
Ohm’s Law: V = I × R, where R is resistance in ohms (Ω). Use the ‘VIR’ triangle: V at top, I and R below.
欧姆定律：V = I × R，其中R为电阻（Ω）。用“VIR”三角形：V在上，I和R在下。
Capacitance (C) stores charge; Q = C × V, measured in farads. A capacitor stores energy in an electric field.
电容(C)储存电荷；Q = C × V，单位为法拉。电容器在电场中储存能量。
A diode allows current to flow in one direction only – forward biased. The arrow in its symbol points to the n-type side.
二极管只允许电流单向流动——正向偏置时。其符号中的箭头指向n型一侧。
7. Control Systems | 控制系统
An open-loop system has no feedback; it executes a command without checking the result, e.g., a simple washing machine timer.
开环系统无反馈；执行命令而不检查结果，例如简单洗衣机定时器。
A closed-loop system continuously monitors output and adjusts input to reduce error. Thermostat heating is classic – room temperature is the feedback.
闭环系统持续监控输出并调节输入以减少误差。恒温器供暖是经典例子——室温即为反馈。
Sensors convert physical quantities (light, pressure, temperature) into electrical signals. Actuators transform control signals into mechanical action (motors, solenoids).
传感器将物理量（光、压力、温度）转换为电信号。执行器将控制信号转变为机械动作（电机、螺线管）。
PID controller combines Proportional (react to present error), Integral (accumulate past errors), and Derivative (anticipate future) terms for smooth control.
PID控制器结合比例（响应当前误差）、积分（累积历史误差）和微分（预测未来）三项，实现平滑控制。
8. Engineering Design and CAD/CAM | 工程设计与CAD/CAM
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) enables precise 2D/3D modelling and simulation. Think ‘virtual prototype’.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）可实现精确的2D/3D建模与仿真。想象成“虚拟原型”。
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