📚 Year 13 OCR French: Essential Structures Quick Reference Guide | Year 13 OCR 法语：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook frames the key grammatical structures required for Year 13 OCR French as if they were mathematical formulas. Just as in mathematics you apply a formula to solve a problem, in French you apply these structural “formulas” to construct accurate sentences. Master them, and you will navigate the oral, written and comprehension components with confidence.
这本速查手册将 Year 13 OCR 法语必需的语法结构当作数学公式来呈现。就像在数学中套用公式解题一样，在法语中你也是套用这些结构“公式”来造出正确的句子。掌握它们，你就能自信应对口试、笔试以及阅读理解各部分。
1. Present Tense Regular Verb Conjugations | 规则动词现在时变位
The core formula depends on the verb group: remove the infinitive ending and add the appropriate set of endings.
核心公式取决于动词组别：去掉动词不定式词尾，然后加上对应的人称词尾。
-ER verbs: radical + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent
-IR verbs (finir type): radical + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
-RE verbs (attendre type): radical + -s, -s, -t, -ons, -ez, -ent
For -ger and -cer verbs, a slight spelling adjustment preserves pronunciation: nous mangeons, nous commençons. This formulaic thinking helps you recall the pattern instantly under exam pressure.
对于 -ger 和 -cer 动词，拼写会做小调整以保持发音：nous mangeons，nous commençons。这种公式思维能帮助你在考试压力下立刻回忆起规则。
2. The Perfect Tense (Passé Composé) | 复合过去时
The formation follows a fixed two‑part pattern:
构成遵循固定的双成分模式：
Subject + present of avoir/être + past participle
The choice of auxiliary and past participle agreement obey strict laws. Être is used with 17 DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs and all reflexive verbs; the past participle then agrees with the subject in gender and number.
助动词的选择和过去分词的配合遵循严格规则。17 个 DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP 动词以及所有代词式动词用 être，此时过去分词需要与主语在性和数上配合。
| elle est allée | she went (f.) |
| ils se sont lavés | they washed themselves (m.pl.) |
3. The Imperfect Tense (Imparfait) | 未完成过去时
This tense is built on the present‑tense nous form stem, with the endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. It describes ongoing or habitual past actions, as well as states and circumstances.
这个时态建立在现在时 nous 形式词干的基础上，加上词尾 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。它描述过去正在进行的或习惯性的动作，以及状态和情景。
Nous parl‑ons → je parlais, tu parlais, il/elle parlait, nous parlions, vous parliez, ils/elles parlaient
The only irregular stem is être (ét‑): j’étais, tu étais… Remember that passé composé and imparfait often work together in a narrative: passé composé for the “camera flash” events, imparfait for the backdrop.
唯一的不规则词干是 être（ét‑）：j’étais, tu étais… 记住复合过去时和未完成过去时在叙事中常常配合使用：复合过去时用于“相机闪光”般的事件，未完成过去时充当背景。
4. The Simple Future (Futur Simple) | 简单将来时
The formula uses the infinitive as the stem (minus final -e for -RE verbs) plus the endings of avoir: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. This is one of the most formulaic tenses in French.
该公式以动词不定式作为词干（-RE 动词去掉末尾 e）再加上 avoir 的变位词尾：-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。这是法语中最具公式感的时态之一。
Je parler‑ai, tu finir‑as, elle attendr‑a, nous pourr‑ons, vous aur‑ez, ils viendr‑ont
A handful of stems are irregular: être → ser‑, avoir → aur‑, faire → fer‑, aller → ir‑, etc. Learn them as a special “formula set”.
少数词干不规则：être → ser‑，avoir → aur‑，faire → fer‑，aller → ir‑ 等。把它们当作一组特殊“公式集”来学习。
5. The Subjunctive Mood (Subjonctif) | 虚拟式
The present subjunctive stems from the third‑person plural present indicative, drop the -ent, then add endings -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
现在时虚拟式的词干来自现在时直陈式第三人称复数，去掉 -ent，然后加上词尾 -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。
Ils parl‑ent → que je parle, que tu parles, qu’il parle, que nous parlions, que vous parliez, qu’ils parlent
The subjunctive is triggered by expressions of necessity, emotion, doubt, desire and certain conjunctions (bien que, pour que, avant que…). Think of them as “switch‑on” triggers: once a trigger appears in the main clause, the subordinate clause must shift into subjunctive.
虚拟式由表示必要性、情感、怀疑、愿望的词语以及某些连词（bien que, pour que, avant que…）触发。把它们想象成“开关”触发词：一旦主句中出现了触发词，从句就必须切换到虚拟式。
6. The Conditional | 条件式
The present conditional uses the same irreguar stems as the future simple, with the imperfect endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. This creates the formula: future stem + imperfect ending.
现在条件式使用了与简单将来时相同的不规则词干，搭配未完成过去时的词尾 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。这样就得到了公式：将来词干 + 未完成过去时词尾。
Je voudr‑ais, tu pourr‑ais, elle saur‑ait
The past conditional follows: conditional of avoir/être + past participle. It expresses what would have happened. In si‑clause sequences, si + pluperfect leads to past conditional in the main clause.
条件式过去时是这样构成的：avoir/être 的条件式 + 过去分词。它表达本会发生的事情。在 si 从句序列中，si + 愈过去时引导的从句会导致主句用条件式过去时。
7. The Pluperfect (Plus‑que‑parfait) | 愈过去时
Simply the imperfect of the auxiliary + past participle. All the agreement rules from the perfect tense apply.
其实就是助动词的未完成过去时 + 过去分词。复合过去时中的所有配合规则都适用。
j’avais fait, elle était arrivée, nous nous étions levés
It represents an action that had occurred before another past action. Used frequently in reported speech and literary narratives.
它表示在一个过去动作之前已经发生的动作。常用于间接引语和文学叙述中。
8. Pronoun Order When Multiple Pronouns | 多个人称代词共现时的顺序
When a verb carries two object pronouns, they must follow a strict linear order. The formula is:
当一个动词带有两个宾语代词时，它们必须遵循严格的线性顺序。公式如下：
(me/te/se/nous/vous) → (le/la/les) → (lui/leur) → y → en
In affirmative imperatives, the order changes and the pronouns are hyphenated: Donne‑le‑moi. This is one of the most mechanical and formulaic aspects of French grammar; simply memorise the order and apply it.
在肯定命令式中，顺序发生变化，并且代词用连字符连接：Donne‑le‑moi。这是法语语法中最具机械性和公式性的部分之一；只要记住顺序并套用即可。
9. Negation Structures | 否定结构
The basic formula is a sandwich around the conjugated verb: ne + verb + pas. Other negative elements replace pas: plus, jamais, rien, personne, aucun, etc. In compound tenses, ne … pas wraps the auxiliary, not the participle.
基本公式是将变位动词夹在中间：ne + 动词 + pas。其他否定成分可以替换 pas：plus, jamais, rien, personne, aucun 等。在复合时态中，ne … pas 包裹的是助动词，而不是分词。
Je n’ai jamais compris.
With infinitives, both parts stay together before the infinitive: ne pas fumer. When object pronouns are present, they are placed after ne: je ne le vois pas. These positional rules are purely formulaic.
与不定式连用时，两部分一起放在不定式前面：ne pas fumer。当有宾语代词时，它们位于 ne 之后：je ne le vois pas。这些位置规则完全是公式化的。
10. Relative Pronouns as Connectors | 关系代词作为连接词
Choosing the correct relative pronoun depends on the grammatical function of the noun to be replaced. The decision tree can be reduced to simple equations.
选择正确的关系代词取决于被替换名词的语法功能。这种决策过程可以简化为简单的等式。
| Subject of relative clause → qui | La fille qui parle |
| Direct object → que | Le livre que j’ai lu |
| Object of de → dont | L’ami dont je parle |
| Place/time → où | La ville où j’habite |
| After preposition + thing → lequel/laquelle | La table sur laquelle j’écris |
11. The Passive Voice | 被动语态
The passive is formed with être in the appropriate tense + the past participle, which must agree with the new subject. The active‑to‑passive conversion is a reliable transformation formula.
被动语态用 être 的适当形式加上过去分词构成，过去分词必须与新的主语配合。主动转被动是一种可靠的转换公式。
Active: Les élèves écoutent la chanson. → Passive: La chanson est écoutée par les élèves.
To keep a natural flavour, French often prefers the active voice or the on construction, but for OCR written tasks, demonstrating control of the passive formula earns high marks for grammatical range.
为了保持地道的语感，法语常常更喜欢用主动语态或者用 on 结构，但是在 OCR 的写作任务中，展示对被动公式的掌握能因为语法多样性而赢得高分。
12. Indirect Speech Tense Agreement | 间接引语中的时态配合
When reporting speech in the past, the tense of the original verb shifts one step backwards according to a fixed sequence. This is a pure formula: direct speech tense → corresponding indirect speech tense.
当以过去时态转述话语时，原动词的时态会根据固定的序列后退一步。这是一个纯公式：直接引语时态 → 对应的间接引语时态。
| Present → Imperfect | Il a dit : « Je suis content. » → Il a dit qu’il était content. |
| Passé composé → Pluperfect | « J’ai fini. » → Il a dit qu’il avait fini. |
| Futur simple → Conditionnel présent | « Je partirai. » → Il a dit qu’il partirait. |
Personal pronouns and time expressions also morph systematically (hier → la veille, demain → le lendemain). These transformations are best memorised as a set of substitution formulas, and then applied mechanically in the writing paper.
人称代词和时间表达也会系统性地变化 (hier → la veille, demain → le lendemain)。这些转换最好以一套替换公式来记忆，然后在写作卷中机械地套用。
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