📚 Year 13 OCR Sociology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 13 OCR社会学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of sociology is essential for top marks in Year 13 OCR exams. This guide breaks down key terms by topic and pairs each definition with a mnemonic or memory hook, helping you recall precise meanings under pressure. Whether you are revising theory, inequality, crime or research methods, these term clusters will speed up your revision and deepen your understanding.
掌握社会学词汇是在OCR Year 13考试中取得高分的关键。本指南按主题拆解关键术语，并为每个定义配上记忆口诀或联想钩子，帮助你在高压下准确回忆含义。无论你正在复习理论、不平等、犯罪还是研究方法，这些术语簇将加快你的复习进度并加深理解。
1. Functionalism and Consensus Theory Terms | 功能主义与共识理论术语
Organic analogy: Society functions like a biological organism, where each part (institution) works together to maintain stability. Think ‘body needs all organs — society needs all institutions’.
有机类比：社会像生物有机体一样运作，每个部分（制度）共同维护稳定。联想“身体需要所有器官——社会需要所有制度”。
Value consensus: A shared agreement on norms and values that binds society together. Remember ‘consensus = social superglue’.
价值共识：一种将社会维系在一起的规范和价值观的共同认同。记住“共识=社会超级胶水”。
Meritocracy: A system where rewards and status are based on individual talent and effort. Visualise a ladder — you climb through merit, not birth.
贤能主义：一种根据个人才能和努力分配奖励与地位的体系。设想一架梯子——你凭功绩而非出身向上攀爬。
Social solidarity: The integration and cohesion individuals feel within their society. Use the image of a team huddle — everyone pulling together.
社会团结：个体在社会中所体验到的融合与凝聚力。用“团队围拢”的画面——大家齐心协力。
Anomie: A state of normlessness where society fails to regulate individual aspirations. Link it to ‘a-norm-ie’ — absence of norms.
失范：一种规范缺失的状态，社会无法调节个人抱负。将其与“a-norm-ie”——没有规范联系起来。
2. Marxism and Conflict Theory Terms | 马克思主义与冲突理论术语
Bourgeoisie: The ruling class who own the means of production. Picture ‘Bourgeoisie = Bosses who Buy’.
资产阶级：拥有生产资料的统治阶级。想象“Bourgeoisie = 购买(buy)的老板”。
Proletariat: The working class who sell their labour. Recall ‘Proletariat = People who Produce’.
无产阶级：出卖劳动力的工人阶级。联想“Proletariat = 生产(produce)的人”。
False consciousness: When the proletariat are unaware of their exploitation. Think of a blindfold — they cannot see the true structure.
虚假意识：无产阶级未意识到自己被剥削的状态。想象一副眼罩——他们看不清真实结构。
Ideological state apparatus (ISA): Institutions like education and media that spread ruling-class ideology. Mnemonic: ‘ISA — Invisible Shapers of Attitudes’.
意识形态国家机器（ISA）：像教育和媒体这样传播统治阶级意识形态的制度。记忆口诀：“ISA——态度的无形塑造者”。
Class polarisation: The process where the gap between bourgeoisie and proletariat widens until revolution. See a rubber band stretching — eventually it snaps.
阶级极化：资产阶级和无产阶级之间差距不断扩大直至革命的过程。想象一根橡皮筋被拉伸——最终会断裂。
3. Feminism and Gender Theory Terms | 女性主义与性别理论术语
Patriarchy: A social system where men hold primary power. Break it down: ‘patri-‘ (father) + ‘-archy’ (rule).
父权制：一种男性掌握主要权力的社会制度。拆解：“patri-”（父亲）+“-archy”（统治）。
Malestream sociology: The tendency for sociological research to focus on male perspectives, excluding women. ‘Male-stream’ — the mainstream is male.
男性主流社会学：社会学研究倾向于关注男性视角、排斥女性的现象。“Male-stream”——主流是男性。
Glass ceiling: An invisible barrier hindering women’s career progression. Visualise a thick glass pane — you can see the top but cannot reach it.
玻璃天花板：阻碍女性职业晋升的无形障碍。想象一块厚玻璃——你能看见顶端却无法触及。
Intersectionality: How different social categories (race, class, gender) overlap to create unique experiences of oppression. Think of crossroads where multiple roads meet.
交叉性：不同社会类别（种族、阶级、性别）如何重叠从而形成独特的压迫体验。想象多条道路交汇的十字路口。
Hegemonic masculinity: The dominant, idealised form of masculinity that subordinates femininities and other masculinities. Picture a king on a throne — only one version rules.
霸权性男性气质：居于支配地位的、理想化的男性气质形态，它压制女性气质和其他男性气质。想象宝座上的国王——只有一个版本统治。
4. Interactionism and Social Action Theory Terms | 互动论与社会行动理论术语
Labelling theory: Deviance is created through society’s labels. Remember ‘label shapes reality’ — once labelled, a person adapts.
标签理论：越轨是通过社会标签创造出来的。记住“标签塑造现实”——一旦贴上标签，人就会适应。
Master status: A label that overrides all other characteristics of an individual. Imagine a stamp on your forehead — everyone sees only that.
首要地位：一个压倒个体所有其他特征的标签。想象额头上盖了个章——所有人只能看到它。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: A prediction that causes itself to become true. Like telling a student they will fail, leading them to stop trying.
自我实现的预言：一种导致自身成真的预言。好比告诉一名学生他会失败，结果他因此放弃努力。
Impression management: The attempt to control the image others have of us. Think of a social media profile — carefully curated.
印象管理：试图控制他人对我们印象的行为。想想社交媒体个人资料——精心经营。
Verstehen: Empathetic understanding of actors’ meanings. Weber’s term; say ‘bear-stay-hen’ to recall ‘feel with’.
理解：对行动者意义带有共情的理解。韦伯的术语；发音联想为“bear-stay-hen”，提醒你“同步感受”。
5. Postmodernism and Late Modernity Terms | 后现代主义与晚现代性术语
Metanarrative: A grand overarching story that claims to explain everything, like Marxism or religion. Postmodernists reject these. Mnemonic: ‘meta-narrative = mega-story’.
元叙事：一种宣称可以解释一切的大叙事，如马克思主义或宗教。后现代主义者拒绝元叙事。记忆法：“meta-narrative = mega-story（超级故事）”。
Hyperreality: A blurring between reality and simulation where representations become more real than reality itself. Imagine Disneyland — a perfect copy of a castle.
超真实：真实和拟像之间的界限模糊，表象比真实本身更真实。想象迪士尼乐园——城堡的完美复制品。
Consumption-based identity: In postmodern society, who you are is defined by what you buy. Think ‘you are your brands’.
基于消费的身份：在后现代社会中，你是谁由你购买的东西定义。想想“你就是你的品牌”。
Cultural supermarket: The idea that individuals can pick and mix lifestyles and beliefs freely. Visualise shopping carts full of different identities.
文化超市：个体可以自由挑选和混合生活方式与信仰的理念。想象装满不同身份的购物车。
Reflexivity (Giddens): The constant re-evaluation of our lives in light of new knowledge. Like using a mirror to check and adjust your path.
反思性（吉登斯）：根据新知识不断重新评估我们的生活。就像使用镜子检视并调整你的道路。
6. Social Class and Inequality Vocabulary | 社会阶级与不平等词汇
Absolute poverty: A lack of basic resources needed to survive, e.g. clean water, shelter. Think ‘absolutely no means to live’.
绝对贫困：缺乏生存所需的基本资源，如清洁饮水、住所。联想“完全没有活路”。
Relative poverty: Being poor compared to the average standard of living in a society. Remember ‘relative = related to others’.
相对贫困：相比社会平均生活水平而言处于贫困状态。记住“relative = 相对于他人”。
Cultural deprivation: The idea that working-class children lack the cultural resources to succeed in education. Visualise a gap between home culture and school culture.
文化剥夺：认为工人阶级子女缺乏在教育上获得成功所需的文化资源。想象家庭文化与学校文化之间的鸿沟。
Material deprivation: A shortage of physical resources like income, housing and equipment. Directly links poverty to underachievement. ‘Material = money stuff’.
物质剥夺：缺乏收入、住房和设备等实物资源。直接将贫困与低成就联系起来。“material = 物质资金”。
Social mobility: Movement of individuals between social strata. Picture a multi-storey car park — you can drive up or down.
社会流动：个体在社会阶层之间的移动。想象一个多层停车场——你可以向上开，也可以向下开。
7. Gender and Ethnicity Inequality Vocabulary | 性别与种族不平等词汇
Institutional racism: Discrimination embedded in the policies and practices of organisations. Think ‘insti-tutional = built into the system’.
制度性种族主义：嵌入组织政策和实践中的歧视。联想“insti-tutional = 内建于体系”。
Feminisation of poverty: The trend where women are more likely to experience poverty. Picture a poverty line with a female symbol floating above it.
贫困女性化：女性更可能陷入贫困的趋势。想象一条贫困线，上方漂浮着女性符号。
Ethnic penalty: The disadvantage experienced by ethnic minorities in employment even with qualifications. ‘Penalty’ — like a handicap in a race.
种族惩罚：少数民族群体即便有资质在就业中也处于不利地位。“Penalty”——就像赛跑中的障碍累积。
Horizontal segregation: Genders/ethnicities clustered in different job types (e.g. women in nursing, men in engineering). Visualise a job map split side by side.
水平隔离：不同性别/种族聚集在不同类型的工作（如女性从事护理，男性从事工程）。想象一份横向分割的就业地图。
Vertical segregation: The hierarchy within occupations — one group overrepresented at senior levels. Think of a ladder where mainly one group occupies the top rungs.
垂直隔离：职业内部的层级制——一个群体在高级别中代表性过高。想象一架梯子，只有一种人占据顶端横档。
8. Crime, Deviance and Social Control Terms | 犯罪、越轨与社会控制术语
Dark figure of crime: Unreported and unrecorded criminal activity. Remember ‘dark’ as hidden from official statistics.
犯罪黑数：未被报告和记录在案的犯罪活动。记住“黑”意指官方统计看不见的部分。
Deviancy amplification spiral: Media exaggeration leads to increased public concern, which prompts more policing, leading to more reported deviance. Visualise a whirlpool growing wider.
越轨放大螺旋：媒体夸大引发公众关注度增加，促使更多警务，从而报告更多越轨行为。想象一个越转越大的漩涡。
Relative deprivation: Feeling deprived when comparing oneself to others, which may cause crime. Mantra: ‘not what you have, but what you think you lack’.
相对剥夺感：比较自己与他人时产生的剥夺感，可能导致犯罪。口诀：“关键不是你所拥有的，而是你自认为缺乏的”。
White-collar crime: Non-violent crime committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their occupation. Link to a clean white shirt hiding fraud.
白领犯罪：在社会地位较高的个体在其职业过程中实施的非暴力犯罪。联想到一件掩盖欺诈的洁白衬衫。
Moral panic: Overblown public fear about an issue threatening social order, often stirred by the media. Recall moral panic as a ‘media storm’.
道德恐慌：公众对威胁社会秩序的问题反应过度恐慌，通常由媒体煽动。将道德恐慌忆作一场“媒体风暴”。
9. Globalisation and Digital Social World Terms | 全球化与数字社会词汇
Global village: The world becoming interconnected through technology, shrinking distances. McLuhan’s term — imagine a tiny village where everyone knows everything.
地球村：世界通过技术变得互联，距离缩小的现象。麦克卢汉的术语——想象一个小村子，每个人都知道一切。
Cultural homogenisation: The process whereby local cultures become more similar due to globalisation. Think ‘homogenised milk’ — everything blended into one.
文化同质化：地方文化因全球化而变得更加相似的过程。联想“均质化牛奶”——所有东西搅拌成一体。
Digital divide: The gap between those with and without access to digital technologies. Visualise a bridge with gaps — some cannot cross.
数字鸿沟：能够接触数字技术的人与无法接触者之间的差距。想象一座有缺口的桥——有些人无法跨越。
Glocalisation: The adaptation of global products to fit local cultures. Mnemonic: ‘global + local = glocal’. Example: McDonald’s offering rice burgers in Asia.
全球本土化：全球产品适应地方文化的做法。记忆法：“global + local = glocal”。例子：麦当劳在亚洲提供米饭汉堡。
Networked individualism: In the digital age, individuals build personalised networks rather than relying on traditional group membership. Imagine a web with each person at centre.
网络化个人主义：在数字时代，个体构建个性化网络，而非依赖传统群体归属。想象一张以每个人为中心的网。
10. Research Methods and Methodology Terms | 研究方法与方法论术语
Validity: The extent to which research measures what it claims to measure. Think ‘valid = truth-revealing’.
效度：研究测量其声称要测量之物的程度。联想“valid = 揭示真相”。
Reliability: Consistency of results when a study is repeated. Picture a reliable clock that always gives the same time.
信度：研究重复进行时结果的一致性。想象一个始终显示相同时间的可靠时钟。
Operationalisation: Turning abstract concepts into measurable variables. Mnemonic: converting a concept into an ‘operation’ — something you can measure.
操作化：将抽象概念转化为可测量的变量。记忆法：把概念变成“操作”——可度量的东西。
Triangulation: Using multiple methods or data sources to cross-check findings. Visualise a triangle — three corners reinforce strength.
三角互证：使用多种方法或数据来源交叉检验结果。想象一个三角形——三个角相互加固。
Positivism: The approach that sociology should adopt the methods of natural science. Link to ‘positive facts’ — objective data.
实证主义：社会学应采纳自然科学方法的研究取径。联系“实证事实”——客观数据。
11. Key Sociological Dichotomies | 关键社会学二分法
Structure vs agency: Debate over whether behaviour is shaped by social forces (structure) or individual choice (agency). Think ‘prison walls vs personal decisions’.
结构 vs 能动性：关于行为是由社会力量（结构）还是个人选择（能动性）决定的争论。联想“监狱高墙 vs 个人决定”。
Macrosociology vs microsociology: Large-scale analysis of society vs small-scale face-to-face interaction. Big telescope vs magnifying glass.
宏观社会学 vs 微观社会学：对社会的大规模分析 vs 对面对面互动的小规模分析。大型望远镜 vs 放大镜。
Quantitative vs qualitative: Numerical data vs non-numerical rich data. Numbers vs narratives.
定量 vs 定性：数值型数据 vs 非数值的丰富资料。数字 vs 叙事。
Nature vs nurture: The extent to which human behaviour is determined by biology (nature) or learning (nurture). Genes vs environment.
先天 vs 后天：人类行为在多大程度上由生物（天性）决定或学习（教养）决定。基因 vs 环境。
Public vs private patriarchy: Public operates in the workplace and state; private operates in the family. Walby’s distinction — imagine two arenas: office door and front door.
公共父权制 vs 私人父权制：公共父权制运作于工作场所和国家；私人父权制运作于家庭。瓦尔比的区分——想象两个领域：办公室门和家门。
12. Memory Hacks for Sociology Terms | 社会学术语记忆技巧
Create acronyms: Build a word from the first letters of concepts you need to remember. For instance, ‘PALM’ for Positivism, Anomie, Labelling, Meritocracy. This bundles unrelated terms into one prompt.
创造首字母缩略词：用你需要记住的概念的首字母拼成一个词。例如，“PALM”代表Positivism、Anomie、Labelling、Meritocracy。这把无关术语捆绑成一个提示。
Story chains: Connect three or four terms into a bizarre narrative. Example: ‘The bourgeoisie built a glass ceiling in the global village, causing anomie.’ The weirder, the better for memory.
故事串链：把三四个术语串成一个离奇故事。例如：“资产阶级在地球村建了一面玻璃天花板，导致了失范。”越离奇记忆效果越好。
Visual flashcards: Draw simple symbols for each term. A cracked mask for impression management, a bridge gap for digital divide. Colour-code by topic — red for conflict theory, blue for consensus.
视觉闪卡：为每个术语画简单符号。印象管理画破裂的面具，数字鸿沟画有缺口的桥。按主题分色——冲突理论用红色，共识用蓝色。
Peer teaching: Explain five terms aloud to a study partner in your own words. Teaching forces retrieval and deepens encoding. Use the paired English-Chinese method here to rehearse dual definitions.
同伴教学：用你自己的话向学习伙伴大声解释五个术语。教授迫使提取知识并加深编码。用这里的中英配对方法练习双定义。
Spaced repetition: Review terms at increasing intervals — 1 day, 3 days, 1 week. Use apps or a simple notebook. Prioritise tricky terms like ‘reflexivity’ and ‘hegemonic masculinity’.
间隔重复：按逐次递增的间隔复习术语——1天、3天、1周。使用应用程序或简单笔记本。优先复习像“反思性”和“霸权性男性气质”这样的棘手术语。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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