📚 Advanced Higher Physics Terminology Quick Reference Guide | SQA 物理词汇术语速记指南
For Year 13 SQA Physics students, mastering terminology is not just about memorising definitions — it is about recognising how each term connects to physical laws and problem-solving. This quick reference guide covers the key vocabulary from Rotational Motion, Astrophysics, Electromagnetism, Quanta, Waves, and Thermodynamics, with precise explanations, memory hooks, and essential equations. Use it to reinforce your understanding and boost your exam performance.
对 SQA 物理课程的学生而言，掌握术语不只是背诵定义，更在于识别每个术语与物理定律及解题方法的联系。本速记指南涵盖旋转运动、天体物理、电磁学、量子、波动和热力学的核心词汇，提供准确解释、记忆技巧和关键方程。用它来巩固理解、提升考试成绩。
1. Units, Prefixes and Measurement Uncertainties | 单位、前缀与测量不确定度
SI Base Units: The seven foundational units are metre (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass, second (s) for time, ampere (A) for electric current, kelvin (K) for thermodynamic temperature, mole (mol) for amount of substance, and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. All other units are derived from these.
国际基本单位：七个基本单位分别为米（m，长度）、千克（kg，质量）、秒（s，时间）、安培（A，电流）、开尔文（K，热力学温度）、摩尔（mol，物质的量）和坎德拉（cd，发光强度）。其他所有单位均由这些基本单位导出。
Derived Units: A derived unit is expressed as a product of powers of base units. For example, the newton (N) equals kg m s⁻², the joule (J) is kg m² s⁻², and the volt (V) is kg m² s⁻³ A⁻¹.
导出单位：导出单位表示为基本单位的幂的乘积。例如，牛顿（N）= kg m s⁻²，焦耳（J）= kg m² s⁻²，伏特（V）= kg m² s⁻³ A⁻¹。
Metric Prefixes: T (tera, 10¹²), G (giga, 10⁹), M (mega, 10⁶), k (kilo, 10³), d (deci, 10⁻¹), c (centi, 10⁻²), m (milli, 10⁻³), μ (micro, 10⁻⁶), n (nano, 10⁻⁹), p (pico, 10⁻¹²), f (femto, 10⁻¹⁵). Use them to avoid cumbersome numbers; always convert to base units before calculations.
公制前缀：T (太, 10¹²), G (吉, 10⁹), M (兆, 10⁶), k (千, 10³), d (分, 10⁻¹), c (厘, 10⁻²), m (毫, 10⁻³), μ (微, 10⁻⁶), n (纳, 10⁻⁹), p (皮, 10⁻¹²), f (飞, 10⁻¹⁵)。用前缀避免冗长的数字，计算前务必转换成基本单位。
Systematic vs Random Errors: Systematic errors cause readings to be consistently too high or too low (e.g., zero error on a meter). Random errors cause scatter around the true value and can be reduced by repeated measurements. Accuracy is the closeness to the true value; precision is the spread of repeated readings.
系统误差与随机误差：系统误差使读数始终偏高或偏低（如仪表零位误差）。随机误差使测量值在真值附近分散，可通过多次测量减小。准确度指与真值的接近程度，精密度指重复读数的离散程度。
Absolute and Percentage Uncertainty: Absolute uncertainty is the ± range of a measurement, e.g., (5.0 ± 0.1) cm. Percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measured value) × 100 %. When combining measurements, add absolute uncertainties for addition/subtraction and percentage uncertainties for multiplication/division.
绝对不确定度与百分不确定度：绝对不确定度是测量值的±范围，如 (5.0 ± 0.1) cm。百分不确定度 = (绝对不确定度 / 测量值) × 100 %。加减运算时绝对不确定度相加，乘除运算时百分不确定度相加。
2. Scalars, Vectors and Kinematics | 标量、矢量与运动学
Scalar: A physical quantity with magnitude only, such as distance, speed, mass, energy, temperature. Scalars are added algebraically.
标量：只有大小的物理量，如距离、速率、质量、能量、温度。标量按代数法则相加。
Vector: A quantity with both magnitude and direction, e.g., displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum. Vectors must be added by tip‑to‑tail or resolved into perpendicular components.
矢量：既有大小又有方向的量，如位移、速度、加速度、力、动量。矢量须用三角形法则或正交分解相加。
Displacement (s) vs Distance: Displacement is the change in position in a given direction (vector); distance is the total path length travelled (scalar). Always specify the reference point when giving displacement.
位移与距离：位移是给定方向上位置的变化（矢量）；距离是经过路径的总长度（标量）。给出位移时务必指明参考点。
Equations of Motion (SUVAT): For constant linear acceleration a, the five equations link s (displacement), u (initial velocity), v (final velocity), a, and t (time). Memorise: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as, s = ½(u+v)t. They apply only when acceleration is constant.
运动学方程 (SUVAT)：对于恒定线性加速度 a，五个方程关联位移 s、初速度 u、末速度 v、加速度 a 和时间 t。牢记：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at²，v² = u² + 2as，s = ½(u+v)t。仅当加速度恒定时适用。
Projectile Motion: The horizontal component of velocity remains constant (assuming no air resistance), while the vertical component accelerates uniformly at g = 9.8 m s⁻². Time of flight depends only on vertical motion.
抛体运动：水平分速度恒定（无空气阻力），竖直分速度以重力加速度 g = 9.8 m s⁻² 均匀变化。飞行时间仅由竖直运动决定。
3. Dynamics and Energy | 动力学与能量
Newton’s Second Law: The net force acting on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum. For constant mass, F = ma. Force and acceleration are always in the same direction.
牛顿第二定律：物体所受合外力等于其动量变化率。当质量恒定时，F = ma。力与加速度始终同向。
Momentum (p): p = mv (mass × velocity). Momentum is a vector, conserved in isolated systems. Impulse (FΔt) equals the change in momentum: FΔt = Δp = mv – mu.
动量：p = mv（质量 × 速度）。动量是矢量，在孤立系统中守恒。冲量（FΔt）等于动量的变化：FΔt = Δp = mv – mu。
Work (W): Work is done when a force moves its point of application in the direction of the force: W = F s cosθ. The unit is the joule (J). Area under a force–displacement graph gives work done.
功：力在其作用点上沿力的方向发生位移时做功：W = F s cosθ。单位为焦耳（J）。力–位移图下的面积表示做功。
Kinetic and Potential Energy: Kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mv². Gravitational potential energy Eₚ = mgh. In a closed system with no dissipative forces, total mechanical energy is conserved.
动能与势能：动能 Eₖ = ½mv²。重力势能 Eₚ = mgh。在无耗散力的封闭系统中，总机械能守恒。
Power (P): Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy. P = W/t = Fv (for a constant force in the direction of motion). Unit: watt (W), equivalent to J s⁻¹.
功率：功率是做功或转移能量的速率。P = W/t = Fv（力与运动方向恒定时）。单位：瓦特（W），即 J s⁻¹。
4. Rotational Motion | 旋转运动
Angular Displacement (θ): The angle through which a point rotates about an axis, measured in radians (rad). One revolution = 2π rad = 360°.
角位移：一点绕轴转过的角度，以弧度（rad）为单位。一圈 = 2π rad = 360°。
Angular Velocity (ω): Rate of change of angular displacement: ω = Δθ/Δt. Unit: rad s⁻¹. For uniform circular motion, linear speed v = rω, where r is the radius.
角速度：角位移的变化率：ω = Δθ/Δt，单位 rad s⁻¹。对于匀速圆周运动，线速度 v = rω，r 为半径。
Angular Acceleration (α): α = Δω/Δt. Unit: rad s⁻². Kinematic equations for rotational motion mirror linear ones, e.g., ω = ω₀ + αt, θ = ω₀t + ½αt².
角加速度：α = Δω/Δt，单位 rad s⁻²。旋转运动学方程与线性的相似，如 ω = ω₀ + αt，θ = ω₀t + ½αt²。
Torque (τ): The rotational analogue of force; τ = F r sinθ, where r is the distance from the pivot. Net torque causes angular acceleration: τ = Iα, where I is the moment of inertia.
扭矩：力的转动等效量；τ = F r sinθ，r 是到转轴的距离。合扭矩产生角加速度：τ = Iα，I 为转动惯量。
Moment of Inertia (I): A measure of an object’s resistance to angular acceleration about a given axis. For a point mass, I = mr². For extended bodies, I = Σmr². The greater the mass distribution away from the axis, the larger I.
转动惯量：物体对给定轴角加速度阻力的量度。点质量 I = mr²。对于扩展物体，I = Σmr²。质量分布离轴越远，I 越大。
Angular Momentum (L): L = Iω. In the absence of external torque, angular momentum is conserved (e.g., an ice skater pulling arms in spins faster).
角动量：L = Iω。无外力矩时角动量守恒（如花样滑冰运动员收臂时旋转更快）。
Rotational Kinetic Energy: Eₖ_rot = ½Iω². A rolling object has both translational and rotational kinetic energy: E_total = ½mv² + ½Iω².
转动动能：Eₖ_rot = ½Iω²。滚动物体同时具有平动动能和转动动能：E_total = ½mv² + ½Iω²。
5. Gravitation and Astrophysics | 引力与天体物理
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: F = G m₁ m₂ / r², where G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻². The force is always attractive and acts along the line joining the centres of mass.
万有引力定律：F = G m₁ m₂ / r²，G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻²。引力总是吸引力，沿两物体质心连线作用。
Gravitational Field Strength (g): g = F/m. Near a point mass or sphere, g = G M / r². The unit N kg⁻¹ is equivalent to m s⁻². On Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 N kg⁻¹.
引力场强度：g = F/m。在点质量或球体附近，g = G M / r²。单位 N kg⁻¹ 等同于 m s⁻²。地球表面 g = 9.8 N kg⁻¹。
Gravitational Potential (V): V = –G M / r. It is the work done per unit mass to bring a test mass from infinity to that point. Gravitational potential energy is U = –G M m / r.
引力势：V = –G M / r。将单位质量从无穷远移至该点所做的功。引力势能
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