📚 AQA A-Level Geography: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Guide | AQA A-Level 地理：核心词汇术语速记指南
This article provides a concise yet comprehensive glossary of the most important terms for Year 13 AQA Geography. Each entry pairs a clear English definition with its Chinese equivalent, helping you revise efficiently and deepen your understanding of key concepts across physical and human geography topics.
本文为 Year 13 AQA 地理课程提供了一份精简而全面的核心术语汇编。每个词条都以清晰的英文定义与对应的中文解释呈现，帮助你高效复习，并加深对自然地理和人文地理关键概念的理解。
1. Tectonic Hazards Terminology | 构造灾害术语
Seismic moment (M₀) — a measure of the energy released during an earthquake, calculated from the area of fault rupture, average slip, and rock rigidity. It is the basis for the moment magnitude scale (Mw).
地震矩 (M₀) — 衡量地震释放能量的物理量，由断层破裂面积、平均错动量及岩石刚度计算得出，是矩震级 (Mw) 的基础。
Isostatic rebound — the vertical rise of the Earth’s crust following the removal of a large mass, such as melting ice sheets. This process can trigger shallow earthquakes and affect sea-level records.
地壳均衡回弹 — 当巨大质量（例如融化的冰盖）移去后，地壳发生的垂直抬升过程，这一过程可能诱发浅源地震并影响海平面记录。
Liquefaction — a phenomenon in which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and behaves like a fluid during intense shaking, often causing buildings to sink or tilt.
土壤液化 — 强震期间饱水沉积物暂时丧失强度并呈现类似流体行为的现象，常导致建筑物下陷或倾斜。
2. Coastal Systems and Landscapes | 海岸系统与景观
Sediment cell — a stretch of coastline and its associated nearshore area within which the movement of coarse sediment is largely self-contained. Eleven such cells are identified around England and Wales.
沉积物单元 — 一段海岸及其关联近岸区域的组合，粗粒沉积物的运移在此范围内基本构成闭合系统。英格兰和威尔士共识别出11个此类单元。
Eustatic sea-level change — a global change in sea level driven by variations in the volume of water in the oceans (e.g. glacial melting) or in the capacity of ocean basins. Contrast with isostatic change.
海面升降变化 — 由海水体积变化（如冰川消融）或海盆容积变化引起的全球性海平面变化，与地壳均衡变化相对应。
Dynamic equilibrium — a state of balance within a coastal system where inputs and outputs of energy and material remain roughly equal over time, even though form may adjust (e.g. beach profile responds to storm waves then recovers).
动态平衡 — 海岸系统内部能量和物质的输入与输出长期大致相等的平衡状态，尽管地貌形态会有所调整（如海滩剖面在风暴浪后重新恢复）。
3. Water and Carbon Cycles | 水循环与碳循环
Aquifer — a body of permeable rock (e.g. chalk, sandstone) that can store and transmit significant quantities of groundwater. Confined aquifers are overlain by impermeable strata; unconfined aquifers are open to recharge from above.
含水层 — 能够储存并传导大量地下水的透水岩体（如白垩岩、砂岩）。承压含水层上覆不透水地层；非承压含水层可从上方直接获得补给。
Carbon sequestration — the long-term capture and storage of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, achieved naturally through photosynthesis and ocean absorption, or artificially via technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
碳封存 — 将大气中的二氧化碳长期捕获并储存的过程，可通过光合作用和海洋吸收自然实现，也可通过碳捕获与封存 (CCS) 等技术人工完成。
Residence time — the average length of time a water molecule or carbon atom spends in a given store (e.g. deep ocean: thousands of years; soil moisture: months). It helps assess a store’s sensitivity to change.
停留时间 — 一个水分子或碳原子在特定储存库中停留的平均时长（如深海：数千年；土壤水：数月），有助于判断某个储存库对变化的敏感程度。
4. Global Governance | 全球治理
Supranational organisation — an entity formed by multiple sovereign states that pool authority in certain policy areas (e.g. European Union, United Nations). Decisions can be binding on member states.
超国家组织 — 由多个主权国家共同组成并在特定政策领域集中行使权力的实体（如欧盟、联合国），其决定可对成员具有约束力。
Normative framework — a set of shared principles, values and rules that guide the behaviour of states and non-state actors in the international system (e.g. human rights norms, Responsibility to Protect).
规范框架 — 一整套指引国际体系中各国与非国家行为体行为的共同原则、价值观与规则（如人权规范、“保护的责任”）。
Sovereignty — the full right and power of a state to govern itself without external interference. In global governance, sovereignty is both protected and sometimes voluntarily pooled.
主权 — 国家不受外部干预而进行自我治理的完整权利与权力。在全球治理中，主权既受到保护，有时也被自愿让渡。
5. Changing Places | 变化中的场所
Sense of place — the subjective emotional and cultural attachment people develop toward a specific location, shaped by lived experience, memory, media representations and identity.
地方感 — 人们对特定地点形成的主观情感与文化依恋，由生活经验、记忆、媒介再现和身份认同共同塑造。
Endogenous and exogenous factors — endogenous factors originate internally (e.g. topography, local culture, built environment); exogenous factors are external forces (e.g. global investment, migration, tourism) that shape a place’s changing character.
内生与外来因素 — 内生因素源自地方内部（如地形、本土文化、建成环境）；外来因素则是来自外部的力量（如全球投资、移民、旅游业），共同塑造着地方特征的变化。
Place representation — the ways in which places are portrayed by various agents (e.g. local government, artists, estate agents), which can influence public perception, identity and even material investment.
地方再现 — 不同主体（如地方政府、艺术家、房地产代理）对地方进行描绘的方式，这些再现会影响公众认知、地方认同甚至物质投资。
6. Contemporary Urban Environments | 当代城市环境
Urban heat island (UHI) — the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to heat absorption by dark surfaces, reduced vegetation, and waste heat from buildings and traffic.
城市热岛效应 (UHI) — 由于深色表面吸热、植被减少以及建筑和交通排放的废热，城市区域气温高于周边乡村地区的现象。
Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) — a set of designed features (e.g. swales, permeable paving, detention basins) that mimic natural drainage to reduce surface runoff, improve water quality and enhance amenity.
可持续城市排水系统 (SUDS) — 一套模拟自然排水的人造设施（如洼地、透水路面、滞洪池），旨在减少地表径流、改善水质并提升环境品质。
Gentrification — the process by which an influx of higher-income residents and capital investment transforms a formerly low-income neighbourhood, often displacing existing communities and altering cultural character.
绅士化 — 高收入人群与资本投资涌入继而改造原低收入社区的过程，常导致原有居民迁离并改变当地文化特征。
7. Population and the Environment | 人口与环境
Demographic transition model (DTM) — a theoretical model that describes the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops, typically through five stages. It helps explain population growth patterns.
人口转型模型 (DTM) — 描述一国在发展过程中从高出生率和高死亡率过渡到低出生率和低死亡率的理论模型，通常经历五个阶段，有助于解释人口增长模式。
Carrying capacity — the maximum population size that an environment can support indefinitely without being degraded, given the available food, water, and other resources. For humans, technology can alter perceived limits.
环境承载量 — 在给定食物、水和其他资源的条件下，环境在不遭受退化的前提下可以持续支撑的最大人口规模。对人类而言，技术可以改变感知到的极限。
Optimum population — the theoretical population size that, given the available resources and technology, maximises per capita income or welfare. It is distinct from overpopulation (too many) and underpopulation (too few).
适度人口 — 在给定资源和技术条件下，能使人均收入或福利达到最大化的理论人口规模。不同于人口过剩（人口过多）和人口不足（人口过少）。
8. Resource Security | 资源安全
Peak resource — the point at which the maximum rate of extraction of a finite resource (e.g. minerals, fossil fuels) is reached, after which production will decline. The concept is widely applied to oil but relevant to other resources as well.
资源峰值 — 某种不可再生资源（如矿产、化石燃料）达到最大开采率的节点，此后产量将下降。该概念广泛用于石油，但也适用于其他资源。
Strategic stockpile — a reserve of a critical resource (e.g. rare-earth elements, grain, oil) maintained by a government or industry to buffer against supply disruptions, price shocks, or geopolitical crises.
战略储备 — 政府或行业为应对供应中断、价格冲击或地缘政治危机而持有的一种关键资源储备（如稀土、粮食、石油）。
Water footprint — the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by an individual, community, or nation, including both direct use and virtual water embedded in trade.
水足迹 — 个人、社区或国家消费商品与服务所耗用的淡水总量，既包括直接用水，也涵盖通过贸易内嵌的虚拟水。
9. Geographical Skills and Fieldwork | 地理技能与野外考察
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) — a non-parametric statistical test used to measure the strength and direction of association between two ranked variables. It is commonly employed with small data sets in geographical investigations.
斯皮尔曼等级相关系数 (rs) — 一种用来衡量两个有序变量关联强度与方向的非参数统计检验，在地理调查中普遍用于小型数据集。
Interquartile range (IQR) — a measure of statistical dispersion, calculated as the difference between the upper quartile (Q3) and lower quartile (Q1). It describes the spread of the middle 50% of a data set and is less affected by outliers than the range.
四分位距 (IQR) — 衡量统计离差的一种方式，由上四分位数 (Q3) 与下四分位数 (Q1) 之差计算得出，描述了数据集中间50%的散布范围，受异常值影响比全距更小。
Geographical Information System (GIS) — a digital system that captures, stores, manipulates and visualises spatial data across multiple layers. GIS enables complex spatial analysis, such as buffer analysis or overlay mapping, for decision-making.
地理信息系统 (GIS) — 捕捉、储存、操作并多图层可视化空间数据的数字系统。GIS 能够进行缓冲区分析、叠置绘图等复杂空间分析，为决策提供支持。
10. Climate Change and Coping Mechanisms | 气候变化与应对机制
Albedo — the fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface. High-albedo surfaces (e.g. ice, snow) cool the climate system, while low-albedo surfaces (e.g. dark ocean, forests) absorb more energy, creating positive feedback loops as ice melts.
反照率 — 某表面反射太阳辐射的比例。高反照率表面（如冰、雪）使气候系统降温，低反照率表面（如深色海洋、森林）吸收更多能量，在冰雪消融时形成正反馈循环。
Mitigation vs adaptation — mitigation refers to actions that reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (e.g. renewable energy, afforestation). Adaptation involves adjustments to actual or expected climate impacts (e.g. flood defences, drought-resistant crops).
减缓与适应 — 减缓指减少温室气体源头或增加碳汇的行动（如可再生能源、造林）；适应则是针对实际或预期的气候影响所做的调整（如防洪堤、耐旱作物）。
Tipping point — a critical threshold at which a relatively small perturbation can qualitatively alter the state or development of a system, leading to abrupt and often irreversible changes (e.g. Amazon rainforest dieback, West Antarctic ice sheet collapse).
临界点 — 当相对微小的扰动即能定性改变系统状态或发展方向的临界阈值，往往导致突变且常难以逆转（如亚马逊雨林枯死、西南极冰盖崩解）。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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