Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册

📚 Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册

This revision handbook presents the essential ‘formulas and theorems’ of A-Level Chinese, covering grammar patterns, structural rules, and strategic devices that will empower you to write, speak, and analyse with confidence. Each section pairs a core concept with clear explanations and examples, making it a perfect rapid-reference companion for your Edexcel Year 13 studies.

这本速查手册汇集了A-Level中文的核心“公式与定理”，涵盖语法模式、结构规则和写作策略，帮助你在听说读写和分析中从容应对。每个小节都包含概念要点、清晰解释和范例，是你Edexcel 13年级备考的理想速查伙伴。

1. Basic Sentence Structures | 基本句型结构

Chinese sentences follow Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) order, but time, place, and manner adverbials are placed before the verb. Mastering this structure ensures clarity from the start.

中文句子遵循“主语–动词–宾语”的顺序，但时间、地点和方式状语要放在动词之前。掌握这个结构是表达清晰的基础。

Simple declarative: 我吃饭。(I eat.)

简单陈述句：我吃饭。
With time adverbial: 我昨天吃饭。(I ate yesterday.) — 昨天 before the verb.

带时间状语：我昨天吃饭。——“昨天”在动词前。
With place adverbial: 我在家吃饭。(I eat at home.) — 在家 before the verb.

带地点状语：我在家吃饭。——“在家”在动词前。
Questions: Add 吗 for yes/no, interrogative pronouns (什么, 谁, 哪儿) in place of the subject or object.

疑问句：加“吗”表示是非问；疑问代词（什么、谁、哪儿）放在主语或宾语的位置。

2. Use of Structural Particles 的、地、得 | 结构助词的、地、得

These three particles act like ‘connectors’ in formulas: 的 links adjectives to nouns, 地 links adverbials to verbs, and 得 introduces complements of degree.

这三个助词如同公式中的连接符：的用来连接形容词和名词，地连接状语和动词，得引导程度补语。

美丽的花 (beautiful flower) — 的 + noun.

美丽的花——“的”+名词。
慢慢地走 (walk slowly) — 地 + verb.

慢慢地走——“地”+动词。
跑得快 (run fast) — verb + 得 + complement.

跑得快——动词+“得”+补语。

A common error is mixing 的 and 地 in writing; the formula helps: 的 binds description to nouns, 地 binds manner to verbs.

常见错误是在书面语中混淆“的”和“地”；记住公式：的将描写与名词绑定，地将方式与动词绑定。

3. Tone Sandhi Rules | 变调规则

Tone sandhi is the ‘phonetic theorem’ of spoken Chinese. The most important rule is the third-tone sandhi: when two third tones appear together, the first one changes to a second tone in natural speech.

变调是中文口语的“语音定理”。最重要的规则是第三声变调：当两个第三声连在一起时，第一个在自然语流中变为第二声。

你(ní) + 好(hǎo) → 你好 is pronounced ní hǎo, like second tone + third tone.

你(nǐ) + 好(hǎo) → 你好读作ní hǎo，近似第二声加第三声。
Other examples: 可以 (kě yǐ → ké yǐ), 水果 (shuǐ guǒ → shuí guǒ).

其他例子：可以 (kě yǐ → ké yǐ)，水果 (shuǐ guǒ → shuí guǒ)。

The neutral tone (轻声) is another key phenomenon: certain syllables lose their original tone and become short and light, often in particles like 的, 了, 吗 and in repeated syllables.

轻声是另一个关键现象：某些音节失去原本声调，变得短而轻，常见于的、了、吗等助词以及重叠音节。

4. Verb Complements Quick Guide | 动词补语速查

Complements form a ‘result theorem’ — they specify the outcome, direction, or degree of an action. The structure is verb + complement, and the particle 得 is used for degree complements.

补语构成“结果定理”——它们指明动作的结果、方向或程度。结构是动词+补语，程度补语需用“得”连接。

Type/类型	Example/例子	Function/功能
Result complement	看懂 (read and understand)	Indicates the result of an action
Direction complement	走出去 (walk out)	Shows the direction of movement
Degree complement	高兴得跳起来 (so happy that one jumps up)	Describes the degree or extent

5. 把字句 and 被字句 | 把字句和被字句

The 把 construction follows the formula: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement. It emphasises what happens to the object and is essential for formal writing.

把字句遵循公式：主语+把+宾语+动词+补语。它强调对宾语的处置，是正式写作中必不可少的句型。

我把作业做完了。(I finished the homework — emphasising the homework is dealt with.)

我把作业做完了。——强调作业被完成了。

The 被 construction is the Chinese passive: Object + 被 + Agent + Verb + Complement. It is used when the agent is not the focus or is unknown.

被字句是中文的被动式：宾语+被+施事+动词+补语。当施事不重要或未知时使用。

作业被(我)做完了。(The homework was finished (by me).)

作业被(我)做完了。

Remember: 把 and 被 almost always require a complement or additional element after the verb; a bare verb is rarely acceptable.

记住：把和被后面几乎总是需要补语或其他成分，光秃秃的动词通常不成立。

6. Rhetoric Devices Quick Guide | 修辞手法速查

Rhetorical devices are the ‘stylistic theorems’ that add sophistication to essays. The most frequently tested ones include metaphor (暗喻), simile (明喻), personification (拟人), and repetition (反复).

修辞手法是提升文章档次的“风格定理”。最常考的有暗喻、明喻、拟人和反复。

明喻 uses 像/好像/仿佛: 时间像流水一样逝去。(Time passes like flowing water.)

明喻用“像/好像/仿佛”：时间像流水一样逝去。
暗喻 directly equates two things: 生活是一场旅行。(Life is a journey.)

暗喻直接把两者等同：生活是一场旅行。
拟人 gives human qualities to non-human things: 春风温柔地抚摸着大地。(The spring breeze gently caresses the earth.)

拟人赋予非人物体人的特性：春风温柔地抚摸着大地。
反复 repeats key words for emphasis: 努力，努力，再努力！(Work hard, work hard, and work harder!)

反复通过重复关键词来加强语气：努力，努力，再努力！

7. Logical Connectors for Writing | 写作逻辑连接词

Connectors are the ‘glue formula’ linking ideas. Using a variety of connectors demonstrates a high level of coherence and is rewarded in the essay marking criteria.

连接词是串联观点的“胶水公式”。善用多样的连接词能体现高度的连贯性，在作文评分中备受青睐。

Contrast: 然而 (however), 尽管…却 (although…yet), 与此相反 (on the contrary)

对比：然而、尽管…却、与此相反
Cause–effect: 因此 (therefore), 由于 (due to), 从而 (thus)

因果：因此、由于、从而
Addition: 不仅如此 (not only that), 此外 (besides), 与此同时 (meanwhile)

递进：不仅如此、此外、与此同时
Summary: 总而言之 (in summary), 由此可见 (from this we can see), 综上所述 (in conclusion)

总结：总而言之、由此可见、综上所述

8. Template for Argumentative Essays | 议论文模板

A strong argumentative essay follows a four-part formula: Introduction (introduce topic + thesis), Argument 1 (point + evidence + analysis), Argument 2 (same structure), Conclusion (reiterate thesis + outlook).

一篇有力的议论文遵循四部分公式：引论（引出话题+论点）、论证一（观点+论据+分析）、论证二（相同结构）、结论（重申论点+展望）。

Paragraph structure formula: topic sentence (TS) → supporting evidence (SE) → analysis (A) → link back (L). This T-S-E-A-L chain ensures depth and cohesion.

段落结构公式：主题句（TS）→ 支撑论据（SE）→ 分析（A）→ 回扣（L）。这种 T-S-E-A-L 链确保了深度与衔接。

Stock phrases for each part: ‘随着社会的发展…’ (intro), ‘以…为例’ (example), ‘由此可见，…’ (conclusion).

每个部分的常用套句：引论“随着社会的发展…”，举例“以…为例”，结论“由此可见，…”。

9. Commonly Tested Measure Words | 常考量词

Measure words are a unique ‘accounting theorem’ in Chinese. Every noun must be paired with the correct measure word when counting or specifying.

量词是中文独特的“计量定理”。每个名词在计数或指代时都必须搭配正确的量词。

个: universal measure word for people and abstract objects — 一个人, 一个主意

个：通用量词，用于人和抽象事物——一个人，一个主意
张: for flat objects — 一张纸 (a sheet of paper), 一张桌子 (a table)

张：用于平面物体——一张纸，一张桌子
条: for long, flexible things — 一条鱼 (a fish), 一条路 (a road)

条：用于细长柔软的物体——一条鱼，一条路
种: for types or categories — 一种文化 (a kind of culture)

种：用于种类——一种文化

In Edexcel reading and writing, precise use of measure words is a mark of accuracy.

在Edexcel阅读和写作中，精确使用量词是准确性的体现。

10. Key Cultural Vocabulary | 文化主题核心词汇

To discuss topics like social changes, environment, and technology, you need a bank of ‘cultural lemmas’. These are high-frequency terms that appear in stimulus texts and essay prompts.

要探讨社会变化、环境、科技等话题，你需要储备一批“文化引理”。这些都是刺激材料和写作提示中的高频术语。

Social: 独生子女政策 (one-child policy), 老龄化 (ageing population), 城市化 (urbanisation)

社会：独生子女政策、老龄化、城市化
Environment: 可持续发展 (sustainable development), 碳排放 (carbon emission), 低碳生活 (low-carbon lifestyle)

环境：可持续发展、碳排放、低碳生活
Technology: 人工智能 (artificial intelligence), 社交媒体 (social media), 网络安全 (online safety)

科技：人工智能、社交媒体、网络安全

11. Classical Idioms and Fixed Expressions | 成语和固定搭配

Idioms (成语) act as ‘instant eloquence formulas’. Using a well-chosen idiom elevates your language register and shows cultural competence.

成语是“瞬间增色公式”。恰当地使用成语能提升语体层次，展现文化素养。

事半功倍 (half the effort, double the result) – perfect for essays on efficiency.

事半功倍——非常适合关于效率的议论文。
未雨绸缪 (to plan ahead before the rain) – ideal for topics on preparation and foresight.

未雨绸缪——适合谈论准备和远见的题目。
海纳百川 (the sea contains hundreds of rivers) – used for tolerance and cultural integration.

海纳百川——用于宽容与文化融合的话题。

Avoid forcing idioms where they don’t fit; correctness matters more than decoration.

避免生搬硬套成语；正确比装饰更重要。

12. Translation Techniques | 翻译技巧

The translation tasks in Edexcel Chinese require both linguistic precision and cultural awareness. The key formula is: translate meaning, not word for word.

Edexcel中文的翻译题既要求语言准确，又强调文化意识。关键公式是：翻译意思，而非逐字硬译。

Amplification: add implied information — 请教 → ‘consult a respected person for advice’ to capture cultural nuance.

增译法：增补隐含信息——请教的翻译可展开为“向有经验的人请教”，以传达文化内涵。
Omission: remove redundant Chinese colocations — 参加活动 often simply becomes ‘join an activity’ without repeating ‘engage’.

省译法：删去冗余搭配——参加活动直接译为“join an activity”，无需逐词。
Conversion: change part of speech or sentence structure — 他的成功离不开努力 → ‘His success cannot be separated from his hard work,’ but better as ‘His hard work was the key to his success.’

转换法：改变词性或句式——他的成功离不开努力可意译为“Hard work was the key to his success.”

Practise both directions (Chinese–English and English–Chinese) while paying attention to collocations and context.

练习中译英和英译中两个方向，并注意搭配和语境。

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Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册