GCSE Edexcel Geography: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | GCSE Edexcel 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 GCSE Edexcel Geography: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | GCSE Edexcel 地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is essential for exam success in GCSE Edexcel Geography. This guide provides clear definitions and memory aids for the most important terms, organised by topic. Use it to build your geographical vocabulary quickly and confidently.

掌握关键术语是取得GCSE Edexcel地理考试成功的必要条件。本指南按主题整理了最重要的术语，提供清晰的定义和记忆辅助，帮助你快速、自信地构建地理词汇库。

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1. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害

Plate boundary (margin): The point where two tectonic plates meet. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along these boundaries.

板块边界（边缘）：两个构造板块相遇的地方。大多数地震和火山活动都沿这些边界发生。

Convergent (destructive) boundary: Where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, creating volcanoes and fold mountains, or where two continental plates collide, forming mountain ranges.

汇聚型（破坏性）边界：大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下，形成火山和褶皱山脉；或两个大陆板块碰撞，形成巨大山脉。

Divergent (constructive) boundary: Where two plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust, often forming mid-ocean ridges and shield volcanoes.

离散型（建设性）边界：两个板块彼此远离，岩浆上涌形成新地壳，常形成大洋中脊和盾状火山。

Conservative (transform) boundary: Where two plates slide past each other horizontally. Pressure builds up along faults and is released as earthquakes.

保守型（转换）边界：两个板块水平滑动。断层沿线积累压力，并以地震形式释放。

Focus: The point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates, underground at depth.

震源：地球内部地震发生的起始点，位于地下深处。

Epicentre: The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus, where the shaking is strongest.

震中：震源正上方的地表点，震动最剧烈。

Richter scale: A logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude (energy released) of an earthquake. Each whole number increase indicates ten times greater shaking amplitude.

里氏震级：用于测量地震震级（释放能量）的对数尺度。每增加一整级，振动幅度增大十倍。

Primary effects: The immediate impacts of a tectonic hazard, such as building collapse, loss of life, and destruction of infrastructure.

直接效应：构造灾害的即时影响，如建筑物倒塌、人员伤亡和基础设施损毁。

Secondary effects: The after-effects triggered by the primary hazard, such as fires, landslides, tsunamis, and disease outbreaks.

次生效应：由主要灾害引发的后续影响，如火灾、山体滑坡、海啸和疾病暴发。

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2. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Weather: The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, including temperature, precipitation, wind, and cloud cover.

天气：特定时间和地点大气层的日常状况，包括温度、降水、风和云量。

Climate: The average weather conditions of a region calculated over a long period, typically 30 years.

气候：一个地区长期（通常30年）平均的天气状况。

Depression (low-pressure system): A weather system where air rises, bringing cloud, rain, and strong winds. Associated with fronts and changeable weather.

气旋（低压系统）：空气上升带来云、雨和强风的天气系统，常伴有锋面和多变天气。

Anticyclone (high-pressure system): A system of descending air that results in clear skies, dry weather, and light winds. Can lead to heatwaves in summer and fog/frost in winter.

反气旋（高压系统）：空气下沉带来晴空、干燥和微风。夏季可致热浪，冬季可致雾和霜冻。

Global atmospheric circulation: The large-scale movement of air by which heat is redistributed around the Earth, driven by the Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells.

全球大气环流：通过哈得来环流圈、费雷尔环流圈和极地环流圈驱动的大尺度空气运动，使得热量在全球重新分配。

Relief rainfall: Precipitation caused when moist air is forced to rise over high ground, cools, condenses, and falls as rain on the windward side.

地形雨：湿润空气被迫越过高地时上升、冷却、凝结并在迎风坡降下的雨。

Storm surge: A rapid rise in sea level caused by the low pressure and strong winds of a tropical storm or hurricane, leading to severe coastal flooding.

风暴潮：热带风暴或飓风的低气压和强风引起的海平面急速上升，导致严重海岸洪水。

Climate graph: A combined bar and line graph showing average monthly temperature (line) and precipitation (bars) for a location.

气候图：以柱状图表示月平均降水量、以折线表示月平均温度的复合统计图。

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3. River Landscapes | 河流地貌

Drainage basin: The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries, bounded by a watershed.

流域：由河流及其支流排水的区域，边界为分水岭。

Hydraulic action: The sheer force of water hitting the river banks and bed, dislodging particles.

水力作用：水流冲击河岸和河床的直接力量，使颗粒松动脱落。

Abrasion (corrasion): The wearing away of the river channel by the load of sediment scraping against the bed and banks.

磨蚀（刻蚀）：河流携带的泥沙颗粒刮擦河床和河岸，造成侵蚀。

Attrition: The process where rocks and pebbles carried by the river collide, becoming smaller, rounder, and smoother.

磨圆作用：河流搬运的岩石和卵石相互碰撞，变小、变圆、变光滑。

Solution (erosion): The chemical dissolving of soluble minerals, such as limestone, in river water.

溶蚀：河水中可溶性矿物（如石灰岩）发生化学溶解的过程。

Meander: A pronounced bend in a river channel formed by lateral erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank.

曲流：河流侧蚀凹岸、堆积凸岸而形成的明显弯曲河段。

Oxbow lake: A crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel by continued erosion and deposition.

牛轭湖：由于持续的侵蚀和沉积，曲流被切断、脱离主河道而形成的月牙形湖泊。

Levee: A natural raised embankment alongside a river, formed from alluvial deposits during repeated flooding events.

天然堤：反复洪水过程中由冲积物堆积形成的河道两侧天然高起的堤岸。

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4. Coastal Landscapes | 海岸地貌

Fetch: The distance over which the wind blows without interruption across the sea; a longer fetch generates more powerful waves.

风区长度：风在海上不受阻碍连续吹拂的距离；风区越长，产生的波浪能量越大。

Constructive waves: Low-energy waves with a strong swash that deposits sediment and builds up the beach; they have a low frequency (6-8 per minute).

建设性海浪：低能量海浪，冲流强，堆积沉积物并建设海滩；频率低，每分钟6–8次。

Destructive waves: High-energy waves with a powerful backwash that erodes the beach; they have a high frequency (10-14 per minute).

破坏性海浪：高能量海浪，回流强，侵蚀海滩；频率高，每分钟10–14次。

Longshore drift: The transportation of sediment along a coastline caused by waves approaching the shore at an angle, with swash pushing material up the beach and backwash pulling it down perpendicularly.

沿岸漂移：波浪以一定角度接近海岸，冲流将泥沙推上滩面，回流垂直拉回，从而沿滨线搬运沉积物的过程。

Headland and bay: A coastal landform where bands of resistant rock (headland) alternate with less resistant rock that erodes more quickly to form a bay.

海岬与海湾：抗蚀岩石带（海岬）与较软岩石带交替出现，后者较快被侵蚀形成海湾。

Wave-cut platform: A gentle sloping rocky shelf left behind as a cliff retreats landwards due to continuous wave erosion at the base.

海蚀平台：由于波浪不断侵蚀崖脚，悬崖向内陆后退后留下的缓斜岩石平台。

Spit: A ridge of sand or shingle deposited by longshore drift extending out from the coastline across a river mouth, often ending with a recurved tip.

沙嘴：由沿岸漂移搬运沉积的沙或砾石脊，从海岸延伸至河口，末端常呈弯曲状。

Hard engineering: Man-made structures like sea walls, groynes, and rock armour designed to control coastal erosion and flooding.

硬工程：海堤、丁坝、护坡块石等人造构筑物，用于控制海岸侵蚀和洪水。

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5. Ecosystems and Tropical Rainforests | 生态系统与热带雨林

Ecosystem: A natural system made up of living organisms (biotic) and their non-living environment (abiotic), linked by flows of energy and nutrients.

生态系统：由生命有机体（生物成分）和非生命环境（非生物成分）组成的自然系统，通过能量流动和养分循环相互联系。

Producer: An organism, such as a green plant, that converts sunlight into energy through photosynthesis and forms the base of the food chain.

生产者：绿色植物等通过光合作用将阳光转化为能量的生物，构成食物链的基础。

Nutrient cycling: The continuous transfer of nutrients between the biomass, litter, and soil layers within an ecosystem.

养分循环：生态系统中养分在生物量、凋落物层和土壤层之间持续转移的过程。

Biodiversity: The variety of living species, genes, and ecosystems found in a given area. Tropical rainforests have extremely high biodiversity.

生物多样性：特定区域内存在的物种、基因和生态系统的多样性。热带雨林拥有极高的生物多样性。

Buttress roots: Large, wide roots near the surface of tropical rainforest trees that spread out to support the tree’s weight in thin, nutrient-poor soils.

板状根：热带雨林树木近地表的大型宽阔根系，向四周伸展以在薄而贫瘠的土壤中支撑树体。

Deforestation: The large-scale removal or clearing of forests, often for agriculture, logging, mining, or urban expansion, leading to habitat loss and carbon release.

毁林：为农业、伐木、采矿或城市扩张而大规模砍伐森林，导致栖息地丧失和碳排放。

Canopy: The dense continuous layer of tree crowns in a forest, typically 30-40 metres above the ground, intercepting most sunlight and housing much wildlife.

林冠：森林中约30–40米高处连续的浓密树冠层，截获大部分阳光，并栖息大量野生动物。

Epiphyte: A plant that grows on another plant for physical support, deriving moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, not from its host.

附生植物：依附在其他植物上生长以获取物理支持，从空气和雨水中获取水分和养分而非寄主的植物。

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6. Urbanisation and Urban Challenges | 城市化与城市挑战

Urbanisation: The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities due to population growth and rural-urban migration.

城市化：由于人口增长和城乡迁移，居住于城镇的人口比例不断上升的过程。

Push factor: A negative feature of the place of origin that encourages people to leave, such as unemployment, conflict, or poor services.

推力因素：原居地的负面特征（如失业、冲突或服务匮乏），促使人们迁离。

Pull factor: An attractive feature of a destination that draws migrants, such as better job opportunities, education, and healthcare.

拉力因素：目的地吸引移民的优点，如更好的就业机会、教育和医疗。

Brownfield site: Land that has been previously developed and is now available for redevelopment, often in inner-city areas.

棕地：曾经开发过、现可供重新开发的土地，常位于城市内部。

Greenfield site: A plot of undeveloped countryside on the urban fringe that has not been built on before.

绿地：城市边缘从未开发过的乡村土地。

Urban sprawl: The uncontrolled outward spread of urban areas into surrounding countryside, often leading to environmental and social pressures.

城市蔓延：城区不受控制地向周边乡村扩张，常带来环境和社会压力。

Counter-urbanisation: The movement of people and businesses from large cities to smaller towns or rural areas.

逆城市化：人口和企业从大城市迁往小城镇或乡村地区的现象。

Informal settlement (squatter settlement): An unplanned residential area, often with inadequate housing and lack of basic services, typically found on marginal land in rapidly growing cities.

非正规住区（棚户区）：缺乏规划、住房简陋且基本服务不足的居住区，常出现在快速发展城市的边缘地带。

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7. Economic Development and Globalisation | 经济发展与全球化

Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita: The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year divided by its population, used as an indicator of wealth.

人均国内生产总值（人均GDP）：一国一年内生产的商品和服务总值除以人口，用作财富指标。

Human Development Index (HDI): A composite measure of development using life expectancy, education, and GNI per capita, scored between 0 and 1.

人类发展指数（HDI）：综合使用预期寿命、教育和人均国民总收入的衡量指标，分值在0到1之间。

Natural increase: The difference between the birth rate and the death rate in a population.

自然增长：人口出生率和死亡率之间的差值。

NI = BR − DR

Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of countries through the growth of trade, investment, transport, and communication networks.

全球化：通过贸易、投资、交通和通信网络的发展，国家间相互联系日益紧密的过程。

Transnational corporation (TNC): A large company that operates in at least two countries, with headquarters in one and production or sales in others, such as Nike or Coca-Cola.

跨国公司（TNC）：至少在两个国家运营的大型公司，总部设在一国，生产或销售在其他国家，如耐克或可口可乐。

Foreign direct investment (FDI): An investment made by a company or individual from one country into business interests in another country, often building factories or buying assets.

外商直接投资（FDI）：来自一国的公司或个人在另一国商业利益中进行的投资，通常建厂或购买资产。

Fair trade: A scheme ensuring that small-scale producers in developing countries receive a guaranteed fair price for their goods, plus a social premium for community projects.

公平贸易：确保发展中国家小规模生产者为其产品获得保障的公平价格，并为社区项目提供社会溢价的计划。

Top-down development: Large-scale government- or corporation-led projects, often expensive, that aim to solve development issues but may not involve local people.

自上而下的发展：由政府或企业主导的大规模项目，通常耗资巨大，旨在解决发展问题，但可能未让当地民众参与。

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8. Resource Management | 资源管理

Renewable resource: A natural resource that can be replenished naturally over a short timescale, such as solar, wind, and wave energy.

可再生资源：可在较短时间内自然补充的自然资源，如太阳能、风能和波浪能。

Non-renewable resource: A resource that exists in a finite stock and cannot be replenished within human lifetimes once used, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

不可再生资源：储量有限且一旦使用无法在人类寿命尺度内得到补充的资源，如煤、石油和天然气。

Energy mix: The combination of different energy sources used to meet a country’s energy demand, including fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables.

能源结构：为满足一国能源需求而使用的不同能源的组合，包括化石燃料、核能和可再生能源。

Energy security: The uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price, reducing vulnerability to supply disruptions.

能源安全：以可负担价格不间断获取能源的可获得性，降低对供应中断的脆弱性。

Food miles: The distance food travels from the location of production to the consumer, indicating the carbon footprint of transport.

食物里程：食品从产地到消费者手中所运输的距离，用以指示运输的碳足迹。

Virtual water: The hidden amount of water used in the production of goods and services, especially in agriculture and manufacturing.

虚拟水：生产商品和服务中隐含的水资源消耗量，尤其在农业和制造业中。

Water stress: A situation where the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality constrains its use.

水资源压力：需水量在特定时期超过可用水量，或水质差导致使用受限的情况。

Sustainable management: Using resources in ways that meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

可持续管理：以满足当代需求而不损害子孙后代满足其需求的能力的方式使用资源。

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9. Fieldwork and Geographical Skills | 田野调查与地理技能

Primary data: Information collected firsthand by the researcher through fieldwork methods such as questionnaires, counts, measurements, and observations.

一手数据：研究者通过问卷、计数、测量和观察等实地调查方法直接收集的信息。

Secondary data: Information that has already been collected by someone else, such as census data, maps, books, or online sources.

二手数据：由他人已经收集好的信息，如人口普查数据、地图、书籍或网络资料。

Quantitative data: Information that can be expressed with numbers and can be statistically analysed, such as pebble size, flow velocity, or traffic counts.

定量数据：可用数字表达并进行统计分析的信息，如卵石尺寸、流速或交通流量计数。

Qualitative data: Non-numerical information that describes qualities, opinions, or characteristics, such as photographs, field sketches, and interview responses.

定性数据：描述性质、观点或特征的非数值信息，如照片、实地素描和访谈记录。

Stratified sampling: A sampling method where the study area is divided into subgroups (strata), and samples are taken proportionally from each to ensure representation.

分层抽样：将研究区域划分为子群（层），并从每一层按比例抽取样本以保证代表性的抽样方法。

Annotated field sketch: A hand-drawn representation of a landscape with labels and explanatory notes that highlight geographical features and processes.

标注式实地素描：对景观进行手绘再现，并附上标签和说明以突出地理特征和过程的图示。

Accuracy: How close a measured or recorded value is to the true value; errors can arise from equipment or human mistakes.

准确度：测量或记录值与真实值的接近程度；误差可能来自设备或人为失误。

Validity: The extent to which collected data and conclusions genuinely measure what they were intended to measure, without distortion.

效度：所收集的数据和结论在多大程度上真正测量了本该测量的内容，且没有失真。

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10. Climate Change and Sustainability | 气候变化与可持续性

Greenhouse effect: The natural process by which atmospheric gases like CO₂, methane, and water vapour trap heat, warming the Earth’s surface to sustain life.

温室效应：大气中的二氧化碳、甲烷和水蒸气等气体捕获热量，使地球表面变暖以维持生命的自然过程。

Enhanced greenhouse effect: The increased warming caused by human activities (burning fossil fuels, deforestation) that release extra greenhouse gases, intensifying the natural effect and driving climate change.

增强温室效应：人类活动（燃烧化石燃料、毁林）排放额外温室气体，加剧自然温室效应，导致全球变暖和气候变化。

Carbon sink: A natural or artificial reservoir, such as a forest, ocean, or soil, that absorbs more carbon dioxide than it releases, thereby reducing atmospheric CO₂.

碳汇：吸收的二氧化碳多于释放的天然或人工库，如森林、海洋和土壤，从而减少大气中的二氧化碳。

Mitigation: Actions taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term causes of climate change, for example, switching to renewable energy or increasing carbon sinks.

减缓：为减少或消除气候变化的长期原因而采取的措施，例如转向可再生能源或增加碳汇。

Adaptation: Adjustments in natural or human systems to cope with the actual or expected impacts of climate change, such as building flood defences or drought-resistant crops.

适应：自然或人类系统为应对气候变化实际或预期影响所做的调整，如建造防洪设施或种植耐旱作物。

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