📚 GCSE Edexcel Politics: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | GCSE Edexcel 政治：关键词汇速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary is essential for success in GCSE Edexcel Politics. This guide presents the most important terms for each topic area, with clear definitions and bilingual explanations to help you revise effectively and boost your confidence in examinations.
掌握准确的政治学词汇是GCSE Edexcel政治课程成功的关键。本指南按专题整理了最重要的术语，提供清晰的定义和中英双语解释，帮助你高效复习，增强考试信心。
1. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Democracy: A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.
民主：一种政权归人民的政府体制，人民直接治理或通过自由选举的代表进行治理。
Direct democracy: A form of democracy where citizens make policy decisions themselves, for example in a referendum.
直接民主：公民自己作出政策决定的一种民主形式，例如全民公投。
Representative democracy: A system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
代议制民主：公民选举代表代为决策的制度。
Participation: The ways in which citizens engage in political processes, such as voting, joining a political party or campaigning.
政治参与：公民介入政治进程的方式，如投票、加入政党或参与竞选活动。
Legitimacy: The right and acceptance of an authority, usually derived from free and fair elections and the rule of law.
合法性：一种权威被认可和接受的权利，通常来源于自由公正的选举及法治。
Referendum: A direct vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
全民公投：选民就某一特定政治问题进行直接投票，作出直接决定。
2. Types of Democracy | 民主的类型
Liberal democracy: A democratic system that combines representative government with the protection of individual rights and freedoms, often through a constitution.
自由民主制：将代议制政府与对个人权利和自由的保护相结合的一种民主制度，通常通过宪法实现。
Majoritarian democracy: A model that concentrates power in the hands of the majority, often leading to a strong, single-party government.
多数式民主：将权力集中于多数派手中的一种模式，往往形成强大的单一政党政府。
Consensus democracy: A model that seeks to share power between different groups, using proportional representation and coalition governments.
共识式民主：寻求在不同群体间分享权力的一种模式，采用比例代表制和联合政府。
Parliamentary democracy: A system where the executive draws its legitimacy from the legislature (parliament) and is accountable to it.
议会制民主：行政机构的合法性源自立法机关（议会）并向其负责的制度。
Pluralist democracy: A democracy in which many different groups have influence and power is widely distributed rather than concentrated.
多元民主：众多不同团体具有影响力且权力广泛分布而非集中的民主形式。
3. Political Parties | 政党
Political party: An organised group of people with similar political views who seek to attain political power through elections.
政党：持有相近政治观点、通过选举谋求政治权力的有组织的群体。
Manifesto: A public declaration of a party’s intended policies, issued before an election to attract voter support.
竞选纲领：政党在选举前发布的旨在吸引选民支持的预定政策的公开声明。
Left wing: A political position that generally supports social equality, greater government intervention in the economy and public ownership.
左翼：通常支持社会平等、更多政府干预经济和公有制的政治立场。
Right wing: A political position that generally values individual freedom, private enterprise, lower taxes and a smaller state.
右翼：通常重视个人自由、私营企业、低税收和小政府的政治立场。
Party system: The number of parties that have a realistic chance of forming a government, such as a two-party or multi-party system.
政党体制：指有机会组成政府的政党的数量模式，如两党制或多党制。
Whip: A party official responsible for ensuring discipline among its members of parliament and that they vote according to the party line.
党鞭：负责确保本党议员遵守纪律并按党的路线投票的政党官员。
4. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
General election: An election in which all seats in the House of Commons are contested, normally held every five years in the UK.
大选：下议院所有议席均进行改选的选举，英国通常每五年举行一次。
First-past-the-post (FPTP): An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, regardless of whether they achieve an overall majority.
简单多数制：以各选区得票最多的候选人获胜的选举制度，不论其是否获得绝对多数。
Proportional representation (PR): An electoral system designed to allocate seats roughly in proportion to the votes each party receives.
比例代表制：旨在使各政党获得的议席大致与其得票比例相当的选举制度。
Swing: A measure of the change in voter support between two political parties from one election to another.
摇摆幅度：衡量两次选举中选民对两个政党支持率变化的一种指标。
Constituency: A geographical area represented by a single MP elected to the House of Commons.
选区：由一名被选入下议院议员代表的地理区域。
By-election: An election held in a single constituency to fill a vacancy that has occurred between general elections.
补选：为填补两次大选之间某一选区出现的空缺而举行的选举。
5. Voting Behaviour and Media | 投票行为与媒体
Voting behaviour: The analysis of why people vote in a particular way, influenced by factors such as class, age, region and media.
投票行为：分析人们为何以特定方式投票，受阶级、年龄、地区和媒体等因素影响。
Partisan dealignment: The decreasing tendency of voters to identify strongly with or stay loyal to one political party.
党派去结盟化：选民对某一政党强烈认同或长期忠诚的趋势减弱。
Class dealignment: The weakening of the traditional link between social class and the party a person supports.
阶级去结盟化：社会阶级与个人所支持政党之间的传统联系弱化。
Media: The various channels of communication, such as television, newspapers and social media, that inform and influence public opinion.
媒体：传播信息的各种渠道，如电视、报纸和社交媒体，它们塑造并影响舆论。
Opinion poll: A survey of public opinion that attempts to predict election results or measure attitudes on political issues.
民意调查：一种试图预测选举结果或衡量公众对政治议题态度的舆论调查。
Spin: The selective presentation of information by a politician or party to create a favourable image.
政治包装：政治家或政党为营造有利形象而对信息进行选择性呈现的手法。
6. The UK Constitution | 英国宪法
Constitution: The set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. In the UK it is uncodified, meaning it is not written in a single legal document.
宪法：治理国家的一套根本原则或既定惯例。英国宪法是非成文的，即未写在一份单一的法律文件中。
Uncodified constitution: A constitution that is made up of several sources, including statutes, conventions, common law and authoritative works.
非成文宪法：由多种渊源构成的宪法，包括成文法、惯例、普通法和权威著作。
Rule of law: The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and entitled to fair legal treatment.
法治：包括政府在内的每个人均须服从法律并有权获得公正法律待遇的原则。
Parliamentary sovereignty: The doctrine that Parliament is the supreme legal authority and can make or repeal any law.
议会主权：议会是最高法律权威，可制定或废除任何法律的学说。
Separation of powers: The division of state authority among the legislature, executive and judiciary to prevent the concentration of power.
权力分立：将国家权力分成立法、行政和司法三部分，以防止权力集中。
Devolution: The transfer of certain powers from central government in Westminster to regional governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
权力下放：将威斯敏斯特中央政府的某些权力移交给苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的地区政府。
7. Parliament | 议会
Parliament: The supreme legislative body in the UK, consisting of the monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
议会：英国最高立法机构，由君主、下议院和上议院组成。
House of Commons: The elected chamber of Parliament, where MPs debate, scrutinise legislation and hold the government to account.
下议院：议会的民选议院，议员们在此辩论、审查立法并追责政府。
House of Lords: The unelected upper chamber, whose members include life peers, bishops and hereditary peers. It revises and delays legislation.
上议院：非民选的上院，成员包括终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族，负责修改和延迟立法。
Backbencher: An MP or peer who does not hold a ministerial or shadow ministerial position, sitting behind the front benches.
后排议员：不担任大臣或影子大臣职务的议员或贵族，坐在前排座位后排。
Opposition: The official party with the second-largest number of seats in the Commons, whose role is to challenge and scrutinise the government.
反对党：在下议院占议席数第二位的正式政党，其职责是挑战和审查政府。
Whips’ office: The team that manages party discipline, ensures members attend votes and communicates the party’s position on legislation.
党鞭办公室：管理政党纪律、确保议员出席表决并传达党在立法上立场的团队。
8. The Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
Prime Minister (PM): The head of the UK government, traditionally the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons.
首相：英国政府首脑，传统上由下议院最大政党领袖担任。
Cabinet: A group of senior ministers chosen by the PM, who head government departments and make major policy decisions collectively.
内阁：由首相挑选的一批高级大臣，领导政府各部门并集体作出重大决策。
Collective responsibility: The convention that all Cabinet ministers publicly support government decisions, even if they privately disagree.
集体责任制：所有内阁大臣公开支持政府决定的惯例，即便他们私下持反对意见。
Individual ministerial responsibility: The convention that ministers are accountable to Parliament for the actions of their department and should resign if serious errors occur.
个人大臣责任制：大臣就本部事务向议会负责、一旦发生严重失误便应辞职的惯例。
Prerogative powers: Historical powers exercised by the monarch that are now exercised by the PM or government without parliamentary approval, such as declaring war.
特权权：历史上由君主行使、现由首相或政府不经议会批准即可运用的权力，如宣战权。
Civil service: The permanent, politically neutral officials who advise ministers and implement government policy.
公务员体系：常任且政治中立的官员，负责向大臣提供建议并执行政府政策。
9. The Judiciary and the Law | 司法与法律
Judiciary: The branch of government responsible for interpreting the law, administering justice and checking the exercise of power by other branches.
司法机关：负责解释法律、执行司法并制约其他部门行使权力的政府部门。
Judicial review: The process by which courts can review the actions of public bodies, including the government, to ensure they are lawful.
司法复核：法院审查公共机构（包括政府）行为是否合法的一种程序。
Judicial independence: The principle that judges should be free from political interference and make decisions based solely on the law.
司法独立：法官免受政治干预并仅依据法律作出裁决的原则。
Supreme Court: The highest court in the UK, established in 2009 to replace the appellate jurisdiction of the House of Lords.
最高法院：英国最高级别的法院，成立于2009年，取代了上议院的上诉管辖权。
Civil liberties: The fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, such as freedom of speech, association and the right to a fair trial.
公民自由：个人的基本权利与自由，如言论自由、结社自由和获得公正审判的权利。
Common law: Law developed through judicial decisions and precedent rather than through written legislation passed by Parliament.
普通法：通过司法判决和先例而非议会通过的成文立法形成的法律。
10. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Devolution: The statutory transfer of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a sub-national level.
权力下放：主权国家中央政府依法将权力移交给次国家级政府。
Scottish Parliament: A devolved parliament with primary legislative powers over areas such as education, health and transport.
苏格兰议会：拥有教育、卫生和交通等领域主要立法权的权力下放议会。
Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament): The devolved legislature of Wales with powers in areas including health and local government.
威尔士议会：威尔士的权力下放立法机构，拥有卫生和地方政府等领域的权力。
Northern Ireland Assembly: The devolved legislative body for Northern Ireland, operating under power-sharing arrangements.
北爱尔兰议会：北爱尔兰的权力下放立法机构，按照权力共享安排运作。
Local government: The administrative bodies, such as councils, that deliver local services like education, housing and waste collection.
地方政府：提供教育、住房和垃圾收集等地方服务的行政机构，如市区议会。
English votes for English laws (EVEL): A parliamentary procedure, now abolished, that allowed only MPs from English constituencies to vote on legislation affecting only England.
英格兰事务英格兰票决：一项已废除的议会程序，曾允许仅英格兰选区的议员对仅影响英格兰的立法投票。
11. International Relations | 国际关系术语
United Nations (UN): An international organisation founded in 1945, aimed at maintaining peace, promoting development and protecting human rights.
联合国：成立于1945年的国际组织，旨在维护和平、促进发展和保护人权。
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): A military alliance of European and North American democracies founded for collective defence.
北约（北大西洋公约组织）：为集体防御而成立的欧洲与北美民主国家军事同盟。
World Trade Organization (WTO): An intergovernmental organisation that regulates international trade and resolves trade disputes.
世界贸易组织：一个管理国际贸易并解决贸易争端的政府间组织。
Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of the world’s economies, cultures and political systems.
全球化：世界经济、文化和政治体系日益紧密的相互联系。
Referendum on EU membership: The 2016 vote in which the UK electorate chose to leave the European Union, commonly referred to as Brexit.
欧盟成员资格公投：2016年英国选民选择脱离欧盟的投票，通常被称为英国脱欧。
Soft power: The ability to influence other countries through attraction and persuasion, rather than military force or economic pressure.
软实力：通过吸引和说服而非军事力量或经济压力来影响他国的能力。
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