IGCSE AQA Spanish: Formula & Rule Quick-Reference Handbook | IGCSE AQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

📚 IGCSE AQA Spanish: Formula & Rule Quick-Reference Handbook | IGCSE AQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册

This IGCSE AQA Spanish revision guide presents grammar and sentence-building rules as ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’. Designed as a quick-reference handbook, it condenses essential verb conjugations, pronoun placements, and structural patterns into easy-to-memorise equations. By internalising these patterns, you can construct accurate Spanish sentences under exam conditions with confidence.

这本 IGCSE AQA 西班牙语复习指南将语法和造句规则呈现为“公式”和“定理”。它设计为速查手册，将核心动词变位、代词位置和结构模式浓缩成易于记忆的等式。通过内化这些模式，你可以在考试条件下自信地构建准确的西班牙语句子。

1. Present Tense Formula | 现在时公式

The present tense describes current actions, habits, or general truths. The core theorem: remove the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) to isolate the stem, then apply the appropriate present-tense endings. This formula works for all regular verbs.

现在时描述当前的动作、习惯或普遍真理。核心定理：去掉不定式词尾（-ar, -er, -ir）以分离词干，然后加上对应的现在时词尾。该公式适用于所有规则动词。

STEM + Present Ending (o, as/es, a/e, amos/emos/imos, áis/éis/ís, an/en)

词干 + 现在时词尾 (o, as/es, a/e, amos/emos/imos, áis/éis/ís, an/en)

The endings vary by class:

词尾按动词类别变化：上表总结了 -ar, -er, -ir 动词的现在时词尾及 hablar, comer, vivir 的完整变位。

Irregular verbs such as ser (soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son), estar (estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están), ir (voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van) and tener (tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen) must be memorised as separate ‘axioms’. These frequently appear in exams.

不规则动词如 ser (soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son)、estar (estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están)、ir (voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van) 和 tener (tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen) 必须作为单独的“公理”来记忆。这些在考试中频繁出现。

2. Preterite Tense (Simple Past) Formula | 简单过去时公式

The preterite expresses completed actions in the past. The regular preterite has two distinct ending sets: one for -ar verbs and another for -er and -ir verbs. Both follow the stem + ending formula, but the endings differ significantly from the present.

简单过去时表达过去已完成的动作。规则过去式有两套不同的词尾：一套用于 -ar 动词，另一套用于 -er 和 -ir 动词。两者都遵循词干 + 词尾公式，但词尾与现在时明显不同。

For -ar verbs: STEM + é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron

-ar 动词：词干 + é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron

Example: hablar → hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron.
例如：hablar → hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron。

For -er/-ir verbs: STEM + í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron

-er/-ir 动词：词干 + í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron

Example: comer → comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comisteis, comieron; vivir → viví, viviste, vivió, vivimos, vivisteis, vivieron.

例如：comer → comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comisteis, comieron; vivir → viví, viviste, vivió, vivimos, vivisteis, vivieron。

Watch for spelling changes in yo forms of verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar: buscar → busqué, pagar → pagué, empezar → empecé. Also, several high-frequency verbs have irregular stems (e.g., tener → tuve, hacer → hice, decir → dije, ir/ser → fui). Learn them as ‘exception theorems’.

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