📚 IGCSE CIE Sociology: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | IGCSE CIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociology requires a firm grip on its specialised language. This guide breaks down the essential terms for the CIE IGCSE syllabus into clear, paired explanations. Each term is presented in English followed immediately by its Chinese translation, allowing you to build connections between concepts and exam phrasing. Use these concise definitions to sharpen your recall and improve your short-answer and essay responses.
掌握社会学，首先必须熟悉它的一套专门术语。本指南将 CIE IGCSE 大纲中的核心词汇分解为清晰的中英对照解释。每个术语先给出英文定义，紧接着提供中文释义，帮助你在概念和考试表达之间建立联系。利用这些简洁的定义，你可以加强记忆，并提升简答题和小论文的答题表现。
1. Core Concepts: Society, Culture and Socialisation | 核心概念：社会、文化与社会化
Society refers to a group of people who share a common territory and interact with one another, sharing the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. A society is not just a random collection of individuals; it is structured through institutions such as family, education and government.
社会 指一群人共同生活在一定领土上，彼此互动，并共享相同的政治权威和主导文化期望。社会并不是个人的随机集合，而是由家庭、教育、政府等制度组织而成的结构。
Culture is the entire way of life of a society, including its values, norms, language, beliefs and material objects. It is learned and transmitted from generation to generation through socialisation. Culture can be divided into material culture (physical objects) and non-material culture (ideas, symbols and customs).
文化 是一个社会的全部生活方式，包括其价值观、规范、语言、信仰和物质产物。文化通过社会化过程被习得并代代相传。文化可以分为物质文化（实物）和非物质文化（观念、符号与风俗）。
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the norms, values and behaviours appropriate to a particular society. Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family, where basic language and cultural habits are acquired. Secondary socialisation takes place later through schools, peer groups, mass media and workplaces, where individuals learn the more specialised requirements of social life.
社会化 是学习适合某一特定社会的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。初级社会化 发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中进行，习得基本的语言和文化习惯。次级社会化 随后通过学校、同辈群体、大众传媒和工作场所进行，个体在此学习社会生活更专门化的要求。
2. Social Identity and the Self | 社会认同与自我
Identity is how individuals see and define themselves and how others see and define them. It is both personal and social. A social identity is the aspect of identity that derives from group memberships, such as class, ethnicity, gender or age.
认同 是个体如何看待和定义自己，以及他人如何看待和定义他们。认同既是个人的，也是社会的。社会认同 是认同中源自群体成员身份的那部分，例如阶级、族裔、性别或年龄。
The self, according to symbolic interactionists, is not fixed at birth but is socially constructed through interaction. Cooley’s concept of the looking-glass self suggests that we develop our self-image based on how we think others see us. Mead described the self as having an ‘I’ (the spontaneous, active part) and a ‘me’ (the internalised expectations of society).
根据符号互动论，自我 并非与生俱来，而是通过社会互动建构的。库利的 镜中我 概念指出，我们根据自己认为他人如何看待我们来形成自我形象。米德将自我描述为包含“主我”（自发、主动的部分）和“客我”（内化的社会期望）。
Ascribed status is a social position fixed at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on characteristics such as sex, ethnicity or family background. Achieved status is a social position that individuals earn through their own efforts, such as becoming a doctor.
先赋地位 是一种在出生时便固定下来、或在日后非自愿获得的社会位置，基于性别、族裔或家庭背景等特征。自致地位 是个人通过自身努力获得的社会位置，例如成为医生。
3. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society, based on access to resources, power and prestige. It is a structured inequality that persists across generations. Key systems of stratification include class (based on economic position), caste (fixed by birth, associated with traditional Hindu society), and slavery (ownership of people as property).
社会分层 指个人或群体在社会中基于获取资源、权力和声望的状况而形成的等级化排列。这是一种跨越代际持续存在的结构性不平等。主要的分层体系包括 阶级（基于经济地位）、种姓（由出生决定，与传统印度社会相关）和 奴隶制（将人作为财产占有）。
Social class is most often measured by occupation, income, wealth and education. Marxists argue that class is determined by one’s relationship to the means of production: the bourgeoisie own the means of production, while the proletariat sell their labour. Weber, however, added status (social honour) and party (political power) as additional dimensions beyond just economic class.
社会阶级 通常通过职业、收入、财富和教育来衡量。马克思主义者认为阶级由个人与生产资料的关系决定：资产阶级 拥有生产资料，而 无产阶级 出卖劳动力。然而，韦伯补充了 地位（社会荣誉）和 政党（政治权力）作为经济阶级之外的其他维度。
Life chances is a concept introduced by Weber to describe the opportunities each individual has to achieve things at society’s highly valued goals, such as good health, education and a long life. These are unequally distributed according to class, gender and ethnicity.
生活机会 是韦伯引入的概念，用来描述每个人获得社会中高度重视之物的机会，例如良好的健康、教育和长寿。这些机会因阶级、性别和族裔而分配不均。
4. Families and Households | 家庭与家户
A family is a group of people who are related by kinship ties: blood, marriage or adoption. A household refers to one person living alone or a group of people who share a living arrangement at the same address, whether they are related or not.
家庭 是一群由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联系在一起的人。家户 指单独居住的一个人，或一群共享同一居住地址的人，无论是否有亲属关系。
The nuclear family consists of two generations: parents and their dependent children living together. The extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, uncles and aunts, sharing the same household or living nearby and maintaining close ties.
核心家庭 由两代人组成：父母和他们的未独立子女共同居住。扩展家庭 包含核心家庭以外的亲属，例如祖父母、叔伯姑姨，同住一户或住得近且保持密切联系。
Key sociological perspectives differ on the family. Functionalists like Murdock argue that the family performs four essential functions: sexual, reproductive, economic and educational. Marxists see the family as a unit that reproduces labour power and reinforces class inequality. Feminists highlight how the family can be a site of gender oppression, reinforcing patriarchal power through the unequal division of domestic labour.
关于家庭，社会学主要视角各不相同。像默多克这样的功能论者认为家庭具有四大基本功能：性的、生殖的、经济的和教育的。马克思主义者将家庭视为再生产劳动力和强化阶级不平等的单位。女性主义者则着重指出家庭可能是性别压迫的场所，通过不平等的家务分工强化父权制权力。
5. Education and Social Reproduction | 教育与社会再生产
Formal education is the institutionalised, planned learning that takes place in schools, colleges and universities, guided by a set curriculum. Informal education is the lifelong process of learning from everyday experiences, family, peers and media.
正式教育 是在学校、学院和大学中进行的制度化、有计划的学习，由固定的课程指引。非正式教育 是从日常经历、家庭、同辈和媒体中学习的终身过程。
The hidden curriculum refers to the unspoken, informal norms and values that are transmitted in school, such as obedience, punctuality and acceptance of hierarchy. Bowles and Gintis argued that through the hidden curriculum, schools prepare working-class pupils for accepting low-status, routine jobs, a process they call the correspondence principle.
隐性课程 指学校中传播的那些不说出口的非正式规范与价值观，例如服从、守时和接受等级制度。鲍尔斯和金蒂斯认为，通过隐性课程，学校为工人阶级学生接受低地位、常规性工作做准备，他们将这一过程称为 对应原则。
Labelling theory in education, associated with Becker, suggests that teachers’ labels (such as ‘bright’ or ‘troublesome’) can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Students may internalise these labels, and their behaviour and achievement start to match the teacher’s expectations.
教育中的 标签理论 与贝克尔相关联，认为教师的标签（如“聪明”或“捣蛋”）可能成为自我实现的预言。学生可能内化这些标签，其行为和成绩便开始与教师的期望相符。
6. Crime, Deviance and Social Control | 犯罪、越轨与社会控制
Deviance is behaviour that violates social norms, not necessarily criminal (e.g., dyeing hair bright green). Crime is an act that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. Not all deviance is criminal, and not all crime is seen as equally deviant in every social context.
越轨 指违反社会规范的行为，但不一定违法（例如把头发染成亮绿色）。犯罪 是触犯法律并受国家惩罚的行为。并非所有越轨行为都是犯罪，也并非所有犯罪在每个社会情境下都被视为同等越轨。
Anomie (Durkheim) is a state of normlessness that can occur during periods of rapid social change, weakening the collective conscience and leading to higher deviance. Merton’s strain theory suggests that crime arises when society sets universal success goals (like material wealth) but blocks legitimate means for some groups to achieve them. Individuals may then adapt through conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism or rebellion.
失范（涂尔干）是一种规范缺失状态，可能出现在社会急速变迁时期，削弱了集体意识，导致越轨行为上升。默顿的 紧张理论 认为，当社会设定普遍的成功目标（如物质财富），却阻碍了某些群体用合法手段达成它们时，犯罪便会产生。个人随后可能通过遵从、创新、仪式主义、退却主义或反叛来适应。
Agencies of social control maintain order. Formal social control is carried out by authorised agencies like the police, courts and prisons. Informal social control is enforced through family, peers, schools and public opinion, using sanctions such as criticism or ostracism.
社会控制 的机制维持着秩序。正式社会控制 由警察、法院和监狱等授权机构执行。非正式社会控制 则通过家庭、同辈、学校和公众舆论来实施，采取批评或排斥等制裁手段。
7. Mass Media and Communication | 大众传媒与传播
The mass media refers to forms of communication that reach large audiences simultaneously, including television, newspapers, radio, film and the internet. They play a central role in shaping public opinion, spreading culture and setting the political agenda.
大众传媒 指同时触及大量受众的传播形式，包括电视、报纸、广播、电影和互联网。它们在塑造公众舆论、传播文化和设定政治议程方面发挥着核心作用。
The hypodermic syringe model (or magic bullet theory) suggests that media messages are directly injected into a passive audience, producing an immediate and uniform effect. Later approaches, such as the uses and gratifications model, argue that audiences are active and use media to satisfy needs like entertainment, information, personal identity and social interaction.
皮下注射器模型（又称魔弹论）认为，媒体讯息会直接注入被动的受众，产生立即且一致的效果。后来的理论，如 使用与满足模型，则认为受众是主动的，他们利用媒体满足娱乐、信息、个人认同和社会互动等需求。
Media representation involves the way the media portray particular groups, issues or events. Sociologists examine how representations can reinforce stereotypes, for example by presenting young people as troublemakers or ethnic minorities as a problem.
媒体再现 涉及媒体如何描绘特定群体、议题或事件。社会学家研究再现如何强化刻板印象，例如将年轻人呈现为麻烦制造者，或将少数族裔呈现为问题。
8. Sociological Research Methods | 社会学研究方法
Research methods are divided into quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative methods produce numerical data and aim to identify patterns and relationships, often using large-scale surveys, questionnaires and official statistics. They are valued for reliability and generalisability.
研究方法分为 定量 和 定性 两种取向。定量 方法产生数值数据，旨在识别模式和关系，常使用大规模调查、问卷和官方统计。它们因信度高和可推广而受到重视。
Qualitative methods collect in-depth, non-numerical data to understand meanings and experiences. Common qualitative techniques include participant observation (the researcher joins the group being studied), unstructured interviews and case studies. These methods score high on validity but are often criticised for lacking representativeness.
定性 方法收集深入的非数值数据，以理解意义与经历。常见的定性技术包括 参与观察（研究者加入被研究的群体）、非结构化访谈 和 个案研究。这些方法在效度上得分高，但常被批评缺乏代表性。
Key terms for evaluating research include reliability (if repeated, would the same results be obtained?), validity (does the data give a true picture of what is being studied?) and representativeness (do the findings accurately reflect the wider population?). Sampling techniques (e.g. random, stratified, snowball) are used to select participants.
评估研究的关键术语包括 信度（如果重复进行，能否得出相同结果？）、效度（数据是否真实反映了所研究的对象？）和 代表性（研究发现能否准确反映更广泛的总体？）。抽样 技术（如随机抽样、分层抽样、滚雪球抽样）用于选择参与者。
9. Power, Politics and the State | 权力、政治与国家
Power is the ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. Weber distinguished between authority (legitimate power accepted as right) and coercion (power based on force). He identified three ideal types of authority: traditional (based on custom, e.g. monarchy), charismatic (based on a leader’s personal qualities) and legal-rational (based on formal rules, e.g. modern bureaucracy).
权力 是使他人按照你的意愿行事的能力，即使违背其意志。韦伯区分了 权威（被接受为正当的合法权力）和 强制（基于武力的权力）。他提出了三种理想类型的权威：传统型（基于习俗，如君主制）、魅力型（基于领袖的个人特质）和 法理型（基于正式规则，如现代官僚制）。
The state is a political entity that claims the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. According to Marxists, the state serves the interests of the ruling class. Pluralists, however, view the state as a neutral arena where competing interest groups struggle for influence.
国家 是在一定领土内声称垄断合法使用暴力的政治实体。马克思主义者认为，国家为统治阶级的利益服务。而多元论者则认为国家是一个中立的竞技场，各种利益集团在其中争夺影响力。
Political socialisation is the process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values, influenced by family, education, media and peer groups. Social movements are organised collective efforts to bring about or resist social change, operating outside formal political institutions.
政治社会化 是个体获得政治信念和价值观的过程，受家庭、教育、媒体和同辈群体的影响。社会运动 是有组织的集体努力，旨在实现或抵制社会变革，在正式政治制度之外运作。
10. Globalisation and Social Change | 全球化与社会变迁
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of the world in economic, political and cultural terms. It involves the compression of time and space through technology, making the world feel smaller. The global village (McLuhan) suggests that electronic media create a shared worldwide experience.
全球化 指世界在经济、政治和文化方面日益相互联系的过程。它通过技术压缩了时间和空间，让世界感觉更小。全球村（麦克卢汉）认为，电子媒体创造了共享的全球体验。
Transnational corporations (TNCs) are large companies that operate across national borders, influencing local economies and cultures. Sociologists also study cultural homogenisation (the spread of a dominant global culture, often Western) and hybridisation (mixture of global and local cultures to produce new forms).
跨国公司 是跨越国界运营的大型企业，影响着地方经济和文化。社会学家也研究 文化同质化（主导性全球文化的传播，通常是西方文化）和 文化混杂化（全球与本地文化的混合以产生新形式）。
Social change refers to significant alterations over time in behaviour patterns, cultural values and social institutions. Factors driving social change include technological innovation, demographic shifts, social movements, environmental pressures and globalisation itself.
社会变迁 指行为模式、文化价值观和社会制度随时间的显著改变。推动社会变迁的因素包括技术创新、人口结构转变、社会运动、环境压力以及全球化本身。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导