📚 IGCSE Edexcel Engineering: Essential Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialised vocabulary of IGCSE Edexcel Engineering is essential for success. This guide presents core terms across key topics, paired with bilingual explanations to accelerate memorisation and understanding.
掌握 IGCSE Edexcel 工程的专业词汇是取得成功的关键。本指南呈现了各核心主题的关键术语，并配有双语解释，以加速记忆和理解。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. It is measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa).
抗拉强度是材料在拉伸或牵引时，断裂前所能承受的最大应力，单位为帕斯卡(Pa)或兆帕(MPa)。
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit is exceeded, the material crushes.
抗压强度是材料承受轴向推力的能力。当超过极限时，材料会被压碎。
Hardness refers to a material’s resistance to indentation, scratching, or surface deformation. Hard materials like diamond are used for cutting tools.
硬度指材料抵抗压痕、刮擦或表面变形的能力。硬质材料如金刚石常用于切削工具。
Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into a thin wire without fracture. Copper is highly ductile, making it ideal for electrical wiring.
延展性是材料被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。铜具有很高的延展性，非常适合用作电线。
Toughness describes the ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Tough materials, like certain steels, can withstand impact loads.
韧性描述材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。韧性材料（如某些钢）能承受冲击载荷。
2. Forces and Stresses | 力与应力
Tension is a pulling force that attempts to elongate a component. Cables in a suspension bridge experience tension.
张力（拉力）是一种试图拉长构件的力。悬索桥中的缆索承受拉力。
Compression is a pushing force that tends to shorten or squeeze a component. Concrete columns are excellent in compression.
压力（压缩）是一种试图缩短或挤压构件的力。混凝土柱在承受压力时性能优异。
Shear acts parallel to a surface, causing layers to slide against each other. Rivets in a lap joint are subjected to shear forces.
剪切力平行作用于表面，导致各层之间相对滑动。搭接接头中的铆钉承受剪切力。
Bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force causes it to bend. It is calculated as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from a point.
弯矩是外部作用力导致结构构件弯曲时，构件内部产生的反作用力，其值等于力与某点垂直距离的乘积。
Stress = Force / Area
应力 = 力 / 面积
Strain is the measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in the material relative to a reference length.
应变是衡量变形的量，表示材料内质点相对于参考长度的位移。
3. Structures and Mechanisms | 结构与机构
Load is the external force applied to a structure. It can be dead load (permanent, e.g., the structure’s own weight) or live load (temporary, e.g., people, vehicles).
载荷是施加在结构上的外力。可分为恒载（永久性，如结构自重）和活载（临时性，如行人、车辆）。
Beam is a horizontal structural member designed to carry loads primarily by bending. Examples include floor joists and bridge girders.
梁是一种水平结构构件，主要通过弯曲来承载载荷。例如楼板搁栅和桥梁大梁。
Column is a vertical member that carries compressive loads. Its main function is to transfer loads from the structure to the foundation.
柱是承受压力载荷的竖直构件，主要功能是将载荷从结构传递到基础。
Lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoted at a fulcrum, used to amplify force or change its direction. Types include first, second, and third class levers.
杠杆是一种简单机械，由一根刚性杆绕支点转动组成，用于放大力量或改变力的方向。杠杆分为一类、二类和三类。
Mechanical advantage (MA) is the ratio of output force to input force in a mechanism. MA = Load / Effort. A value greater than 1 means force multiplication.
机械增益 (MA) 是机构中输出力与输入力之比，MA = 负载 / 作用力。数值大于 1 表示力量倍增。
4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal or liquid material into a mould cavity, where it solidifies to take the desired shape. Sand casting is common for large parts.
铸造是将熔融金属或液态材料浇注到模具型腔中，使其凝固成型的过程。砂型铸造常用于大型零件。
Forging shapes metal using compressive forces, often between dies. It improves grain structure, enhancing strength and toughness of components like crankshafts.
锻造利用压缩力（通常在模具间）使金属成型。它能改善晶粒结构，提高曲轴等零件的强度和韧性。
Welding joins materials, typically metals, by causing fusion. Arc welding uses an electric arc to melt the workpiece and filler rod to form a strong joint.
焊接通过熔合连接材料（通常是金属）。电弧焊利用电弧熔化工件和焊条，形成牢固的接头。
Machining removes material from a workpiece to achieve the desired geometry. Common operations include turning (lathe), milling, and drilling.
机加工从工件上去除材料以获得所需几何形状。常见操作包括车削（车床）、铣削和钻削。
Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, builds objects layer by layer from a digital model. It allows complex geometries and rapid prototyping with minimal waste.
增材制造（即 3D 打印）根据数字模型逐层构建物体。它可实现复杂几何形状和快速原型制作，且浪费极少。
5. Electronics Basics | 电子学基础
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a circuit, it flows from positive to negative by conventional current direction.
电流 (I) 是电荷的流动，单位为安培 (A)。在电路中，按惯用电流方向从正极流向负极。
Voltage (V) is the electrical potential difference that drives current, measured in volts (V). It can be thought of as electrical pressure.
电压 (V) 是驱动电流的电势差，单位为伏特 (V)，可视为电压力。
Resistance (R) opposes current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). According to Ohm’s law, voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。根据欧姆定律，电压等于电流乘以电阻。
V = I × R
电压 = 电流 × 电阻
Series circuit provides a single path for current; the same current flows through all components, but voltage divides. Parallel circuit has multiple paths, so voltage is the same across each branch while current divides.
串联电路提供单一电流路径，所有元件通过相同电流，但电压分配。并联电路有多条路径，各支路电压相同而电流分流。
Power (P) in electrical circuits is the rate of energy transfer, measured in watts (W). P = V × I.
电功率 (P) 是电能转移的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)，P = 电压 × 电流。
6. Systems and Control | 系统与控制
Input is the signal or energy fed into a system, such as a push button press or a sensor reading of temperature.
输入是馈入系统的信号或能量，例如按下按钮或温度传感器读数。
Process is the action taken by the system based on the input, often involving a controller or logic circuit that decides the response.
处理是系统根据输入采取的动作，通常涉及决定响应的控制器或逻辑电路。
Output is the result produced by the system, like a motor turning on or an LED illuminating.
输出是系统产生的结果，例如电机启动或 LED 发光。
Open-loop system has no feedback; the input directly controls the output without monitoring actual conditions. A simple timer-controlled lamp is open-loop.
开环系统没有反馈，输入直接控制输出而不监测实际状态。简单的定时控制灯就是开环系统。
Closed-loop system uses feedback to compare the actual output with the desired output and corrects any error. A thermostat maintaining room temperature is a closed-loop system.
闭环系统利用反馈将实际输出与期望输出进行比较并纠正任何误差。维持室温的恒温器就是一个闭环系统。
Sensor detects a physical quantity (e.g., temperature, light, pressure) and converts it into an electrical signal. Actuator receives a signal and produces a physical action, like a motor or solenoid.
传感器检测物理量（如温度、光、压力）并将其转换为电信号。执行器接收信号并产生物理动作，如电机或螺线管。
7. Energy and Thermodynamics | 能量与热力学
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. It is given by KE = 1/2 m v², where m is mass and v is velocity.
动能是物体由于运动而拥有的能量，由公式 KE = 1/2 m v² 给出，其中 m 为质量，v 为速度。
Potential energy is stored energy dependent on position or configuration. Gravitational potential energy is mgh, where h is height.
势能是因位置或形态而储存的能量。重力势能为 mgh，其中 h 为高度。
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance. Work = Force × Distance moved in the direction of the force.
功是力使物体移动一段距离时所做的工作，功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离。
Efficiency = (Useful output energy / Total input energy) × 100%
效率 = (有用输出能量 / 总输入能量) × 100%
Conduction is heat transfer through direct molecular contact, dominant in solids. Convection occurs in fluids where warmer, less dense regions rise. Radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves and requires no medium.
热传导通过分子直接接触传递热量，在固体中占主导。热对流发生在流体中，较热、密度较低的区域上升。热辐射通过电磁波传递能量，无需介质。
8. Engineering Drawing and CAD | 工程制图与 CAD
Orthographic projection is a method of representing a 3D object in 2D using multiple views (front, top, side) projected perpendicularly onto planes.
正交投影是一种用多个视图（前视图、俯视图、侧视图）将三维物体垂直投影到平面上，以二维方式表达的方法。
Isometric drawing is a pictorial representation where the three axes are equally foreshortened at 120° angles, giving a realistic 3D effect in 2D.
等轴测图是一种图示法，三条轴以 120° 等角绘制并等比例缩短，在二维中呈现逼真的三维效果。
Dimensioning provides precise measurements (length, width, angle, diameter) on a drawing, following standards to ensure the part can be manufactured correctly.
尺寸标注在图纸上提供精确的度量（长度、宽度、角度、直径），遵循标准以确保零件能准确制造。
Tolerance is the permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension. For example, a shaft diameter specified as 20 ± 0.1 mm means it must be between 19.9 mm and 20.1 mm.
公差是物理尺寸允许的变化范围。例如，轴直径标注为 20 ± 0.1 mm 表示它必须在 19.9 mm 至 20.1 mm 之间。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) uses software to create, modify, and analyse digital models. CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) converts CAD data into machine instructions for automated production.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）利用软件创建、修改和分析数字模型。CAM（计算机辅助制造）将 CAD 数据转换为机器指令，实现自动化生产。
9. Quality and Safety | 质量与安全
Quality control (QC) involves inspecting and testing products to identify defects. It is reactive, detecting problems after production.
质量控制 (QC) 包括对产品进行检验和测试以识别缺陷，是一种被动的过程，在生产后发现问题。
Quality assurance (QA) focuses on preventing defects through well-defined processes and standards. It is proactive and covers the entire production system.
质量保证 (QA) 侧重于通过明确定义的流程和标准预防缺陷，是主动的，涵盖整个生产系统。
Factor of safety is the ratio of the material’s strength to the actual working stress. A factor of 2 means the part is designed to be twice as strong as needed for normal loads.
安全系数是材料强度与实际工作应力的比值。安全系数为 2 表示该零件设计强度是正常载荷所需的两倍。
Risk assessment is the systematic process of identifying hazards, evaluating the likelihood and severity of harm, and implementing control measures to minimise risk.
风险评估是识别危害、评估伤害可能性和严重性，并实施控制措施以最小化风险的系统过程。
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes safety glasses, gloves, hard hats, and steel-toe boots, used to shield workers from workplace hazards.
个人防护装备 (PPE) 包括安全眼镜、手套、安全帽和钢头鞋，用于保护工人免受工作场所的危害。
10. Additional Key Terms | 其他关键术语
Sustainability in engineering means meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves using renewable materials, reducing waste, and designing for energy efficiency.
工程中的可持续性指在不损害后代满足其需求的前提下，满足当前需求。包括使用可再生材料、减少废弃物和设计节能产品。
Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product from raw material extraction through manufacture, use, and disposal or recycling.
生命周期评估 (LCA) 评估产品从原材料提取、制造、使用到处置或回收全过程的环境影响。
Prototyping is the creation of a preliminary model to test concepts, functionality, and design. Prototypes help identify flaws before full-scale production.
原型制作是制作初步模型以测试概念、功能和设计。原型有助于在大规模生产前发现缺陷。
Scale of production refers to the volume of output: one-off (unique item), batch (small quantities), mass (large volumes on assembly lines), and continuous (non-stop, e.g., chemicals).
生产规模指产出量：一次性（单件定制）、批量（小量生产）、大规模（流水线大量生产）和连续生产（不间断，如化工产品）。
Automation uses control systems and information technologies to operate equipment with minimal human intervention, improving consistency and productivity.
自动化利用控制系统和信息技术操作设备，尽量减少人为干预，提高一致性和生产率。
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