IGCSE OCR Engineering: Quick Memorization Guide for Key Terminology | IGCSE OCR 工程：核心术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE OCR Engineering: Quick Memorization Guide for Key Terminology | IGCSE OCR 工程：核心术语速记指南

Mastering engineering terminology is essential for success in IGCSE OCR Engineering. This guide breaks down complex terms into simple, memorable explanations, pairing each concept with a practical memory aid. Whether you are revising for exams or reinforcing classroom learning, these bite-sized, bilingual notes will help you recall definitions and apply them accurately.

掌握工程术语是 IGCSE OCR 工程成功的关键。本指南将复杂术语分解为简单易记的解释，并为每个概念配上一个实用的记忆法。无论你是备考还是巩固课堂学习，这些精炼的双语笔记都将帮助你准确记忆并应用术语。

1. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能

Ferrous metals contain iron and are magnetic, making them ideal for structural work. Non-ferrous metals lack iron, resist corrosion, and are often lighter. A quick way to remember: “ferrous” sounds like “ferric” (iron). Think of stainless steel as a ferrous alloy, while aluminium and copper are non-ferrous. Key terms include ductility (ability to be drawn into wires), malleability (ability to be hammered into sheets), hardness, and toughness. Toughness resists impact; hardness resists scratching. Visualize a diamond scratching glass – that’s hardness. A rubber ball absorbing a hit shows toughness.

黑色金属含铁且有磁性，适合结构工程。有色金属不含铁，耐腐蚀，通常更轻。快速记忆：“ferrous” 听起来像 “ferric”（铁的）。不锈钢是铁合金，而铝和铜是有色金属。重要术语包括延展性（可拉成丝）、展性（可锤成薄片）、硬度和韧性。韧性抵抗冲击；硬度抵抗刮擦。想象钻石划玻璃——那是硬度。橡胶球吸收打击显示韧性。

• Elasticity – returns to original shape after force removal.
• 弹性 – 撤去外力后恢复原状。
• Plasticity – permanent deformation under load.
• 塑性 – 受载后永久变形。

2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺

Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould. Think of it as making jelly – liquid goes in, solid comes out. Die casting uses high pressure for precision parts. Injection moulding is for plastics: granules are heated, injected into a mould, and cooled. Remember “inject” like a syringe. Forming processes reshape material without melting: bending, rolling, forging. Machining removes material: turning (workpiece rotates), milling (cutter rotates). The mnemonic “Miffy Turns and Mills” helps: Turning = workpiece spinning; Milling = tool spinning.

铸造是将熔融金属倒入模具。想象做果冻——液体进，固体出。压铸用高压制造精密零件。注塑成型用于塑料：颗粒加热，注入模具，冷却。记住“inject”就像注射器。成形工艺不熔化重塑：弯曲、轧制、锻造。机械加工去除材料：车削（工件旋转）、铣削（刀具旋转）。口诀“车工件转，铣刀具转”帮助记忆。

• Extrusion – pushing material through a die to create long shapes.
• 挤压 – 将材料推过模具形成长条形状。
• Lathe – machine for turning operations.
• 车床 – 进行车削操作的机床。

3. Mechanical Systems and Motion | 机械系统与运动

Levers magnify force or distance. First-class lever: fulcrum between load and effort (e.g., seesaw). Second-class: load between fulcrum and effort (wheelbarrow). Third-class: effort between fulcrum and load (tweezers). Remember “FLE 123” – Fulcrum, Load, Effort in order 1,2,3. Gears transmit rotary motion. Driver and driven gears: a small driver turning a larger driven increases torque but reduces speed. Idler gears change direction without affecting ratio.

杠杆放大力或距离。一级杠杆：支点在负载和力之间（如跷跷板）。二级：负载在支点和力之间（手推车）。三级：力在支点和负载之间（镊子）。记住“FLE 123”——支点、负载、力顺序1,2,3。齿轮传递旋转运动。主动轮和从动轮：小主动轮带动大从动轮增加扭矩但降低转速。惰轮改变方向不影响速比。

• Pulley systems – change direction or multiply force.
• 滑轮系统 – 改变方向或倍增力。
• Linkages – assemble rigid bars to convert motion.
• 连杆机构 – 连接刚性杆转换运动。

4. Electrical and Electronic Systems | 电气与电子系统

Voltage (V) is electrical pressure; current (I) is flow of charge; resistance (R) restricts flow. Ohm’s Law: V = I × R. Imagine a water hose: voltage is pressure, current is flow rate, resistance is hose kinking. Components: resistor limits current; LED emits light when current passes; transistor acts as a switch or amplifier. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) holds components on copper tracks. Soldering joins them permanently.

电压 (V) 是电压力；电流 (I) 是电荷流动；电阻 (R) 阻碍流动。欧姆定律：V = I × R。想象水管：电压是水压，电流是流量，电阻是水管弯折。元件：电阻器限流；LED通流发光；晶体管用作开关或放大器。PCB（印制电路板）在铜线上承载元件。焊接永久连接它们。

• Capacitor – stores charge temporarily.
• 电容器 – 暂时储存电荷。
• Diode – allows current in one direction only.
• 二极管 – 只允许单向电流。

5. Structural Analysis and Forces | 结构分析与力

Tension pulls apart; compression pushes together; shear slides layers; torsion twists. Think of a bridge: cables in tension, towers in compression. Beams experience bending. Load is force on a structure; stress is internal force per area; strain is deformation. Stress-strain graph: elastic region (springs back), yield point, plastic region, fracture. The Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s modulus) measures stiffness.

拉伸拉开；压缩推合；剪切层间滑动；扭转扭曲。想象桥梁：缆索受拉，塔柱受压。梁承受弯曲。载荷是对结构的力；应力是单位面积内力；应变是变形。应力-应变图：弹性区（回弹）、屈服点、塑性区、断裂。弹性模量（杨氏模量）衡量刚度。

• Buckling – sudden sideways failure under compression.
• 屈曲 – 受压时突然侧向失效。
• Truss – framework of triangles for strength.
• 桁架 – 三角形构架增强强度。

6. Health and Safety in Engineering | 工程健康与安全

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): goggles, gloves, boots. Risk assessment identifies hazards and controls. Remember the 5 steps: identify, decide who might be harmed, evaluate risks, record findings, review. COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) manages chemicals. Manual handling – lift correctly to avoid injury. Fire triangle: heat, fuel, oxygen – remove one to extinguish fire.

PPE（个人防护装备）：护目镜、手套、安全靴。风险评估识别危险并控制。记住5步：识别、确定谁可能受伤、评估风险、记录、复核。COSHH（有害物质控制）管理化学品。人工搬运——正确抬举以防受伤。火三角：热、燃料、氧气——移除其一可灭火。

• HAZOP – Hazard and Operability Study.
• HAZOP – 危险与可操作性分析。
• Emergency stop – red mushroom button on machines.
• 急停按钮 – 机器上的红色蘑菇头按钮。

7. Design and Communication | 设计与沟通

Orthographic projection shows 2D views (front, side, plan) to define 3D objects. Remember: “ortho” means straight. Isometric drawing uses 30° angles for a 3D representation. Dimensioning: include all measurements clearly; extension lines, dimension lines, arrows. Scale: ratio of drawing to real size. CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) combine design and production.

正交投影用二维视图（前、侧、俯视）定义三维物体。记住：“ortho”意为直。等轴测图用30°角作三维表现。尺寸标注：清晰标明所有尺寸；延伸线、尺寸线、箭头。比例：图纸与实际大小之比。CAD（计算机辅助设计）和CAM（计算机辅助制造）结合设计与生产。

• BS 8888 – British standard for engineering drawings.
• BS 8888 – 英国工程制图标准。
• Exploded view – shows parts separated in assembly order.
• 爆炸图 – 按装配顺序展示分离零件。

8. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率

Work = force × distance moved in direction of force. Unit: joule (J). Power = work done / time taken, unit: watt (W). Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%. No machine is 100% efficient; energy is lost as heat, sound, friction. Kinetic energy: ½mv². Potential energy: mgh. Remember: “Kinetic is motion, potential is position.”

功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离，单位：焦耳 (J)。功率 = 做功 / 时间，单位：瓦特 (W)。效率 = (有用输出 / 总输入) × 100%。没有机器是100%高效的；能量以热、声、摩擦损失。动能：½mv²。势能：mgh。记住：“动能来自运动，势能来自位置。”

• Renewable energy – solar, wind, hydro, biomass.
• 可再生能源 – 太阳能、风能、水力、生物质能。
• Non-renewable – fossil fuels, nuclear.
• 不可再生 – 化石燃料、核能。

9. Quality Control and Testing | 质量控制与测试

Quality control (QC) checks products meet specifications. Tolerance: allowable variation in a dimension. Destructive testing damages the part (tensile test, impact test). Non-destructive testing (NDT) like X-ray, ultrasonic, dye penetrant inspect without damage. Go / No-Go gauge quickly checks if part is within limits.

质量控制 (QC) 检查产品是否符合规格。公差：尺寸允许的变动范围。破坏性测试损坏零件（拉伸试验、冲击试验）。无损检测 (NDT) 如X射线、超声波、渗透探伤不损伤零件。通/止规快速检查零件是否在极限内。

• Six Sigma – methodology to reduce defects.
• 六西格玛 – 减少缺陷的方法论。
• Traceability – tracking materials through production.
• 可追溯性 – 跟踪整个生产过程的物料。

10. Automation, Robotics and Control | 自动化、机器人与控制

Automation reduces human intervention; uses PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers). Robot types: articulated, Cartesian, SCARA. Sensors provide input: LDR (light), thermistor (temperature), microswitch (contact). Actuators produce output: motors, solenoids, hydraulic cylinders. Feedback loop: sensor → controller → actuator → process → sensor.

自动化减少人工干预；使用PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）。机器人类型：关节型、直角坐标型、SCARA。传感器提供输入：LDR（光）、热敏电阻（温度）、微动开关（接触）。执行器产生输出：电机、螺线管、液压缸。反馈回路：传感器 → 控制器 → 执行器 → 过程 → 传感器。

• Open-loop system – no feedback, e.g., timed toaster.
• 开环系统 – 无反馈，如定时烤面包机。
• Closed-loop system – uses feedback to correct errors.
• 闭环系统 – 用反馈纠正误差。

11. Joining and Assembly Methods | 连接与装配方法

Permanent joining: welding (fuses metals), soldering (electronics), adhesive bonding. Semi-permanent: riveting, snap fits. Non-permanent: bolts, screws, nuts. Threaded fasteners: metric threads (M6, M8). Nuts and bolts form a removable joint. Remember: “Righty-tighty, lefty-loosey” for standard threads.

永久连接：焊接（熔合金属）、锡焊（电子）、粘接。半永久：铆接、卡扣配合。非永久：螺栓、螺钉、螺母。螺纹紧固件：公制螺纹（M6、M8）。螺母和螺栓形成可拆卸连接。记住：“右紧左松”适用于标准螺纹。

• Weld types: butt, fillet, lap, T-joint.
• 焊缝类型：对接、角焊、搭接、T形接头。
• Interference fit – shaft slightly larger than hole, pressed together.
• 过盈配合 – 轴稍大于孔，压装配合。

12. Systems Thinking and Maintenance | 系统思维与维护

Input-process-output model: every system has inputs, a process, and outputs. Preventive maintenance – servicing at regular intervals to avoid breakdowns. Corrective maintenance – repair after failure. Condition monitoring uses sensors to check vibration, temperature. Life cycle analysis assesses environmental impact from raw material to disposal.

输入-处理-输出模型：每个系统有输入、处理和输出。预防性维护 – 定期保养防止故障。修复性维护 – 失效后维修。状态监测利用传感器检查振动、温度。生命周期分析评估从原材料到处置的环境影响。

• MTBF – Mean Time Between Failures (reliability).
• 平均故障间隔时间 – 可靠性指标。
• MTTR – Mean Time To Repair.
• 平均修复时间。

Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com

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