📚 IGCSE WJEC Engineering: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | IGCSE WJEC 工程关键术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of engineering is essential for success in the WJEC IGCSE examination. This guide presents core terms grouped by topic, each paired with a memorable explanation and a simple memory hook to help you recall definitions quickly and use them accurately in your answers.
掌握工程的精确术语是在 WJEC IGCSE 考试中取得成功的关键。本指南按主题分组呈现核心术语，每个术语都配有易记的解释和简单的记忆口诀，帮助你快速回忆定义并在答题中准确运用。
1. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能
Ferrous metal – A metal that contains iron. The term comes from ‘ferrum’, the Latin word for iron. Most ferrous metals are magnetic and can rust. Think: ferrous contains Fe (the chemical symbol for iron).
黑色金属 – 含有铁的金属。该词源自拉丁语“ferrum”（铁）。大多数黑色金属具有磁性且会生锈。记忆窍门：ferrous 中含有 Fe（铁的化学符号）。
Non-ferrous metal – A metal that does not contain iron. Examples include aluminium, copper and zinc. They do not rust and are often non-magnetic. Remember: non-ferrous means no Fe.
有色金属 – 不含铁的金属。例如铝、铜和锌。它们不生锈，通常无磁性。记住：non-ferrous 就意味着没有铁（Fe）。
Alloy – A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, designed to improve properties. For instance, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Think of alloy as ‘allied’ metals working together.
合金 – 由两种或两种以上元素组成的混合物，其中至少有一种是金属，旨在改善性能。例如，钢是铁和碳的合金。可以把 alloy 联想为“联合”起来的金属。
Ductility – The ability of a material to be drawn into a thin wire. A ductile material can withstand large plastic deformation under tension. Connect ‘duct’ with ‘ductile’ – a wire is like a duct for electricity.
延展性（韧性） – 材料被拉成细丝的能力。延性材料在拉伸下能承受较大的塑性变形。把“duct”（导管）和“ductile”联系起来——电线就像电流的导管。
Malleability – The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Gold is very malleable. Visualise a mallet hammering metal into shape.
可锻性（展性） – 材料被锤击或轧制成薄片而不破裂的能力。金具有很高的可锻性。想象一把木槌（mallet）将金属敲打成形。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting – A process where molten metal is poured into a mould and allowed to solidify. Used for complex shapes like engine blocks. Remember: cast the liquid into a solid shape, like casting a spell.
铸造 – 将熔融金属倒入模具中并使其凝固的工艺。用于制造发动机缸体等复杂形状。记住：将液态物质“铸”成固态，如同施法成形。
Forging – Shaping metal using compressive forces, often when hot, to improve its strength and grain structure. Think of a blacksmith’s hammer forging a sword.
锻造 – 利用压力（通常加热时）使金属成形，以改善其强度和晶粒结构。想象铁匠用锤子锻造宝剑。
CNC machining – Computer Numerical Control machining uses programmed commands to control cutting tools and produce precise parts. The machine follows code automatically. Recall: CNC = Code Directs Cutter.
CNC 加工 – 计算机数控加工使用编程指令来控制刀具，生产精密零件。机器自动遵循代码。助记：CNC 就是“代码指挥刀具”。
Welding – Joining materials, usually metals, by melting the interface so they fuse together. Common methods include arc welding and MIG welding. Think: welding melts to wed two parts.
焊接 – 通过熔化接合面使材料（通常是金属）熔合在一起的连接方法。常见方法有电弧焊和 MIG 焊。联想：weld 熔接使两块“结婚”。
Injection moulding – A manufacturing process for plastics where molten material is injected under pressure into a mould. Used for high-volume production of identical parts. The plastic is ‘injected’ like a syringe into the mould.
注射成型 – 一种塑料制造工艺，将熔融材料在压力下注入模具。用于大批量生产相同零件。塑料像用注射器一样被“注射”到模具中。
3. Forces and Stress–Strain | 力与应力-应变
Stress (σ) – The internal force per unit area within a material when an external force is applied. Calculated as σ = F ÷ A, where F is force and A is cross-sectional area. Think of stress as ‘stretch pressure’.
应力 (σ) – 外力作用时材料内部单位面积上的力。计算公式为 σ = 力 ÷ 截面积。把应力想象成“拉伸压强”。
Stress (σ) = Force ÷ Area
Strain (ε) – The deformation of a material relative to its original length. It is a dimensionless ratio: ε = ΔL ÷ L₀, where ΔL is extension and L₀ is original length. Strain stretches the shape.
应变 (ε) – 材料相对于其原始长度的变形量，是一个无量纲比率：ε = 伸长量 ÷ 原始长度。strain 让形状“拉紧”变形。
Strain (ε) = Extension (ΔL) ÷ Original length (L₀)
Young’s modulus (E) – A measure of a material’s stiffness, equal to stress divided by strain within the elastic limit. E = σ ÷ ε. A high value means the material is stiffer. Think: Young = strong, so stiff.
杨氏模量 (E) – 材料刚度的度量，等于弹性限度内应力除以应变。E = σ ÷ ε。数值越高材料越刚硬。联想：杨（Young）氏即年轻力壮，故坚硬。
Yield strength – The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically and will not return to its original shape when unloaded. After yield, it ‘gives in’.
屈服强度 – 材料开始发生塑性变形且卸荷后无法恢复原形的应力值。过了屈服点，材料就“屈服”了。
Factor of safety – A ratio that compares the maximum stress a component can withstand to the allowable working stress. It ensures designs cope with unexpected loads. Safety factor = ultimate stress ÷ working stress. It keeps you safe.
安全系数 – 将部件所能承受的最大应力与允许工作应力进行比较的比率，确保设计能应对意外载荷。安全系数 = 极限应力 ÷ 工作应力。它保障安全。
4. Electronic Systems and Control | 电子系统与控制
Open-loop system – A control system that does not use feedback to check its output. The output relies solely on the pre-set input. Think of a simple toaster timer – no matter what, it pops after a set time.
开环系统 – 不使用反馈来检测输出的控制系统。输出完全依赖预设的输入。就像简单的烤面包机定时器——无论面包如何，到时间就弹出。
Closed-loop system – A system that uses feedback from a sensor to compare the actual output with the desired output and makes automatic adjustments. A room thermostat is a classic example. The loop is ‘closed’ by feedback.
闭环系统 – 利用传感器反馈将实际输出与期望输出进行比较并自动调节的系统。室内恒温器是典型例子。反馈使回路“闭合”。
Feedback – The process of returning a signal from the output back to the controller to influence the input. Negative feedback reduces errors. Feedback ‘feeds’ information back to control.
反馈 – 将输出端信号送回控制器以影响输入的过程。负反馈可减小误差。将信息“喂回”以便控制。
Sensor – A device that detects a physical quantity (such as temperature, light, pressure) and converts it into a signal that can be measured. Think of a sensor as the ‘senses’ of a machine.
传感器 – 检测物理量（如温度、光、压力）并将其转换成可测量信号的装置。可以把传感器看作机器的“感官”。
Actuator – A device that converts an electrical signal into physical movement or action, such as a motor, solenoid or relay. It ‘acts’ upon the command.
执行器 – 将电信号转化为物理运动或动作的装置，如电机、螺线管或继电器。它根据指令“执行”动作。
5. Mechanisms and Mechanical Advantage | 机构与机械利益
Mechanical advantage (MA) – The ratio of the output force produced by a mechanism to the input force applied. MA = Load ÷ Effort. A high MA means a small effort can move a large load, giving you an advantage.
机械利益 (MA) – 机构输出的力与输入的力之比。MA = 负载 ÷ 动力。高 MA 意味着小力量可移动大负载，让你“获利”。
MA = Load ÷ Effort
Velocity ratio (VR) – The ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time. VR = Distance moved by effort ÷ Distance moved by load. It tells you the speed trade-off.
速比 (VR) – 在同一时间内，动力移动的距离与负载移动的距离之比。VR = 动力移动距离 ÷ 负载移动距离。它反映了速度的交换关系。
Efficiency – The percentage of useful work output compared to the total work input, taking into account energy losses due to friction. Efficiency = (MA ÷ VR) × 100%. Aim for 100% but never quite there.
效率 – 考虑摩擦造成的能量损失后，有用功输出与总功输入的百分比。效率 = (MA ÷ VR) × 100%。力求100%但实际难以达到。
Gear ratio – The ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number of teeth on the driving gear. A small gear driving a larger one raises torque but reduces speed. Gears trade speed for force.
齿轮比 – 从动齿轮齿数与主动齿轮齿数之比。小齿轮驱动大齿轮可增大扭矩但降低转速。齿轮在速度与力之间交换。
Linkage – A mechanism made of rigid bars connected by pivots or sliding joints that transmit motion and force. Examples include reverse-motion linkages and parallel-motion linkages. They ‘link’ movements together.
连杆机构 – 由刚性杆件通过转动或滑动接头连接而成的机构，用于传递运动和力。如反向运动连杆和平行运动连杆。它们将运动“链接”起来。
6. Design Process and Communication | 设计过程与交流
Design brief – A short statement that outlines the problem to be solved, the client’s requirements and the purpose of the product. It is the ‘brief’ guide to your project.
设计概要 – 概述待解决问题、客户要求及产品目的的简短陈述。它是你项目的“简要”指导。
Specification – A detailed list of criteria that the final design must meet, including dimensions, materials, performance and cost. A good spec specifies everything needed.
规格说明 – 最终设计必须满足的详细标准清单，包括尺寸、材料、性能和成本。好的 spec 将一切规格化。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – The use of computer software to create, modify and optimise a design. CAD models can be 3D and tested before making any physical parts. It aids design on a computer.
CAD（计算机辅助设计） – 利用计算机软件创建、修改和优化设计。CAD 模型可三维显示并在制造前进行测试。它用电脑辅助设计。
Orthographic projection – A method of drawing a 3D object using several 2D views, typically front, side and plan. Dimensions are true and every line is drawn to scale. ‘Ortho’ means straight, so straight-on views.
正交投影 – 用多个二维视图（通常前视图、侧视图和俯视图）绘制三维物体的方法。尺寸真实，线条按比例。Ortho 表示直，因此是直视视图。
Isometric drawing – A 3D pictorial drawing where vertical lines are drawn vertically, and horizontal lines are drawn at 30 degrees. It gives a realistic view without perspective. ‘Iso’ means equal, equal 30° angles.
等角图（等距图） – 一种三维立体图，垂直线垂直画出，水平线以30度角画出。无需透视即可呈现逼真视图。Iso 意为相等，即相等的30°角。
7. Quality, Tolerance and Safety | 质量、公差与安全
Tolerance – The permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension. A dimension of 50 mm ±0.1 mm means the part can be between 49.9 mm and 50.1 mm. It tolerates a small deviation.
公差 – 物理尺寸允许的变化范围。50 mm ±0.1 mm 意味着零件可在49.9 mm到50.1 mm之间。它“容忍”微小的偏差。
Quality assurance (QA) – A system of planned activities to ensure that a product will meet quality requirements throughout the production process. QA is process-oriented; think ‘Assurance you build it right.’
质量保证 (QA) – 通过一系列有计划的活动，确保产品在整个生产过程中满足质量要求的体系。QA 是过程导向的，要“保证过程正确”。
Risk assessment – The process of identifying potential hazards, evaluating the likelihood of harm, and deciding on precautions. It is a legal requirement. Assess the risk before you start.
风险评估 – 识别潜在危险、评估伤害可能性并确定预防措施的过程。这是法定要求。开始工作前先评估风险。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – Equipment worn to protect against health and safety hazards, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, steel-toe boots. PPE is your personal shield.
PPE（个人防护装备） – 用于防止健康与安全隐患的穿戴设备，如护目镜、手套、安全靴。PPE 是你个人的防护盾。
Go/No-Go gauge – A simple checking tool that verifies whether a part is within its specified tolerance. One end must fit (Go), the other must not (No-Go). It gives a clear Go or No-Go decision.
通止规 – 一种简单的检测工具，用于验证零件是否在规定的公差范围内。一端能通过（通），另一端不能通过（止）。它给出明确的“通过”或“不通过”判断。
8. Sustainability and Life Cycle | 可持续性与生命周期
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – A technique that evaluates the environmental impact of a product from raw material extraction, through manufacture and use, to disposal or recycling. It covers the whole life cycle.
生命周期评估 (LCA) – 评估从原材料提取、制造、使用到废弃或回收过程中产品对环境影响的技术。涵盖整个生命周期。
Renewable energy – Energy from sources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as solar, wind and hydro. They can be renewed over and over.
可再生能源 – 在人类时间尺度上可自然补充的能源，如太阳能、风能和水力。它们可以反复再生。
Embedded carbon (embodied carbon) – The total greenhouse gas emissions generated to produce a material, from mining through manufacturing. Think of carbon ’embedded’ inside the product.
隐含碳 – 生产某种材料（从开采到制造）所排放的温室气体总量。把碳想象成“嵌入”在产品之中。
Circular economy – An economic model that keeps resources in use for as long as possible through repairing, reusing and recycling, minimising waste. It circles materials back into the loop.
循环经济 – 通过维修、再利用和回收最大限度地延长资源使用寿命的经济模式，减少废弃物。它让物料循环再生。
Sustainable design – Design that aims to reduce negative environmental impacts through material choice, energy efficiency and end-of-life planning. It sustains the planet for future generations.
可持续设计 – 通过材料选择、能源效率和报废规划来减少负面环境影响的设计。它为后代维系地球。
9. Measurement and Instrumentation | 测量与仪器
Accuracy – How close a measured value is to the true value. If the true length is 20.0 mm, an accurate measurement might be 20.0 or 19.9 mm. Aim for accuracy – hit the bullseye.
准确度 – 测量值接近真实值的程度。真实长度为20.0 mm时，准确测量可能是20.0或19.9 mm。瞄准靶心即为准确。
Precision – The consistency of repeated measurements, regardless of whether they are accurate. A set of readings like 18.2, 18.2, 18.3 is precise but not accurate if the truth is 20.0. Precision is repeatability.
精确度 – 重复测量结果的一致性，无论其是否准确。一组如18.2, 18.2, 18.3的读数精确，但如果真实值是20.0就不准确。精确即可复现。
Resolution – The smallest change in a physical quantity that a measuring instrument can detect. A ruler with 1 mm marks has a resolution of 1 mm. Finer marks mean finer resolution.
分辨率 – 测量仪器能检测到的最小物理量变化。刻度为1 mm的直尺分辨率为1 mm。刻度越细分辨率越高。
Vernier caliper – A precision measuring tool with a main scale and a sliding vernier scale, capable of reading to 0.02 mm or 0.001 inch. It reads internal, external and depth dimensions. ‘Vernier’ adds very near precision.
游标卡尺 – 一种带有主尺和滑动游标尺的精密测量工具，可读数至0.02 mm或0.001英寸。可测内径、外径和深度。游标让测量“逼近”高精度。
Calibration – The process of adjusting an instrument so that its readings match a known standard. Regular calibration keeps instruments truthful.
校准 – 调整仪器使其读数与已知标准相符的过程。定期校准使仪器保持真实。
10. Exam Command Terms | 考试指令术语
Define – Give the precise meaning of a term. A definition should be concise and use technical language. Think ‘de-fine’ as drawing a fine line around the meaning.
Define（给出定义） – 给出术语的确切含义。定义应简洁并使用技术语言。可联想为给意思画一条精细的线。
Describe
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