📚 IGCSE WJEC History Core Knowledge Overview | IGCSE WJEC 历史核心知识点梳理
Welcome to the core knowledge overview for IGCSE WJEC History. WJEC’s specification requires students to master depth studies such as Germany in Transition, 1919–1939, and The Development of the USA, 1929–2000, alongside thematic or breadth studies. This article consolidates the essential facts, concepts, and chronological frameworks you need to succeed. Each section pairs key English explanations with Chinese counterparts to reinforce bilingual understanding.
欢迎阅读 IGCSE WJEC 历史核心知识点梳理。WJEC 的考试大纲要求学生掌握诸如“德国转型 1919–1939”和“美国发展 1929–2000”等深度研究专题，以及专题史或广度研究。本文汇集了成功应试所必需的关键史实、概念和时间框架。每个小节都采用英文讲解与中文讲解并列的形式，以加强双语理解。
1. The Weimar Republic: Establishment and Early Crises | 魏玛共和国：建立与早期危机
The Weimar Republic was born out of Germany’s defeat in World War I. In November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated, and Friedrich Ebert of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) became leader of the provisional government. The new republic was set up in the town of Weimar, away from the unrest in Berlin. Its constitution, adopted in August 1919, was one of the most democratic in the world, offering universal suffrage, proportional representation, and strong civil liberties. However, it also contained Article 48, which allowed the president to rule by decree in an emergency.
魏玛共和国诞生于德国在第一次世界大战中的战败。1918 年 11 月，德皇威廉二世退位，社会民主党（SPD）的弗里德里希·艾伯特成为临时政府的领导人。新共和国的成立地点选在远离柏林动荡的魏玛城。1919 年 8 月通过的宪法是当时世界上最民主的宪法之一，它规定了普选权、比例代表制和强大的公民自由。但它也包含了第 48 条，允许总统在紧急状态下通过法令进行统治。
From the start, the republic faced severe challenges. Many Germans felt the Treaty of Versailles (signed in June 1919) was a ‘diktat’ – an imposed settlement. The treaty required Germany to accept full war guilt, to pay massive reparations of £6.6 billion, to lose 13% of its territory, and to limit its army to 100,000 men. The political instability was also evident in left-wing and right-wing uprisings: the Spartacist Revolt of January 1919, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, aimed to establish a communist system; the Kapp Putsch of March 1920 saw a right-wing paramilitary force attempt to seize Berlin. Both were put down, but they exposed the republic’s reliance on the army and the Freikorps for its survival.
从一开始，共和国就面临着严峻挑战。许多德国人认为《凡尔赛条约》（1919 年 6 月签署）是一个“强制命令”——强加的和约。该条约要求德国接受全部战争罪责、支付 66 亿英镑的巨额赔款、丧失 13% 的领土，并将其军队限制在 10 万人以内。政治动荡还体现在左右两派的起义中：1919 年 1 月的斯巴达克同盟起义由罗莎·卢森堡和卡尔·李卜克内西领导，旨在建立共产主义制度；1920 年 3 月的卡普政变则是右翼准军事组织试图占领柏林。两次起义虽然都被镇压，但也暴露了共和国依赖军队和自由军团才能存活的弱点。
2. Economic Instability and the Golden Years | 经济动荡与黄金年代
Germany’s economy was devastated by war debts and reparations. When Germany failed to meet its payments in late 1922, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region in January 1923 to seize goods as payment. The German government ordered passive resistance, paying workers to go on strike, but this simply meant printing more money. The result was hyperinflation: by November 1923, the US dollar was worth 4.2 trillion marks. Savings became worthless, and public trust in the republic collapsed.
德国的经济因战争债务和赔款而遭到毁灭性打击。当 1922 年底德国无力偿还赔款时，法国和比利时军队于 1923 年 1 月占领了鲁尔区，以实物充当赔款。德国政府下令进行消极抵抗，付钱让工人罢工，但这只能意味着印更多的钞票。结果导致了恶性通货膨胀：到 1923 年 11 月，1 美元可兑 4.2 万亿马克。积蓄变得一文不值，民众对共和国的信任崩塌。
Recovery came under Chancellor Gustav Stresemann, who called off passive resistance and introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, backed by industrial assets. The Dawes Plan of 1924 reorganised reparations payments and provided American loans. The Locarno Treaties of 1925 improved relations with France, and Germany joined the League of Nations in 1926. The Young Plan of 1929 further reduced the total reparations bill. These years, often called the ‘Golden Age’, saw cultural flourishing: Berlin became a centre for avant-garde art, film, and architecture. Nevertheless, the prosperity was fragile because it rested heavily on US loans, leaving Germany extremely vulnerable when the Wall Street Crash occurred in 1929.
复苏出现在古斯塔夫·施特雷泽曼担任总理期间。他叫停消极抵抗，发行了以工业资产为支撑的新货币——地租马克。1924 年的道斯计划重组了赔款支付方式，并提供了美国贷款。1925 年的《洛迦诺公约》改善了与法国的关系，德国于 1926 年加入国际联盟。1929 年的杨格计划进一步削减了赔款总额。这几年常被称为“黄金年代”，文化欣欣向荣：柏林成为先锋艺术、电影和建筑的中心。然而，繁荣是脆弱的，因为它严重依赖美国的贷款。当 1929 年华尔街崩盘发生时，德国变得极其脆弱。
3. The Rise of the Nazi Party | 纳粹党的崛起
The German Workers’ Party (DAP) was founded in 1919 by Anton Drexler. Adolf Hitler joined it in September 1919 and soon took over as leader, renaming it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party). In the chaotic early 1920s, the party promoted a ‘Twenty-Five Point Programme’ that mixed nationalist, anti-Semitic, and socialist rhetoric. In November 1923, Hitler attempted the Munich Beer Hall Putsch, a failed coup that led to his arrest and a trial that gave him a national platform. While in prison, he wrote ‘Mein Kampf’, outlining his ideology: the ‘stab-in-the-back’ myth, the need for Lebensraum (living space), and a pathological hatred of Jews.
德国工人党（DAP）由安东·德雷克斯勒于 1919 年创立。阿道夫·希特勒于 1919 年 9 月加入该党，并很快成为领袖，将其改名为“国家社会主义德国工人党”（NSDAP，即纳粹党）。在混乱的 1920 年代初期，该党提出了“二十五点纲领”，混合了民族主义、反犹主义和社会主义言论。1923 年 11 月，希特勒发动了慕尼黑啤酒馆政变，这场未遂政变让他被捕，随后的审判则给了他一个全国性的舞台。在狱中，他写下了《我的奋斗》，阐述其意识形态：“背后插刀”论、对生存空间（Lebensraum）的需求，以及对犹太人的病态仇恨。
During the stable Stresemann years, Nazi electoral support remained tiny – they gained only 2.6% of the vote in 1928. The turning point was the Great Depression. As unemployment rocketed from 1.6 million in 1929 to over 6 million in 1932, the Nazis positioned themselves as the party of national renewal. They used modern propaganda techniques, led by Joseph Goebbels, and the SA (Brownshirts) intimidated political opponents on the streets. In the 1930 election, they won 107 seats, becoming the second-largest party. By July 1932, they were the largest party with 230 seats. The combination of economic despair, fear of communism, and the party’s promise to overturn Versailles proved irresistible to many voters.
在稳定的施特雷泽曼时代，纳粹的选举支持率极低——他们在 1928 年只获得了 2.6% 的选票。转折点是大萧条。随着失业人数从 1929 年的 160 万飙升至 1932 年的 600 多万，纳粹将自己定位为民族复兴的政党。他们在约瑟夫·戈培尔的领导下运用了现代宣传技术，冲锋队（褐衫军）则在街头恐吓政治对手。在 1930 年的选举中，他们赢得 107 个席位，成为第二大党。到 1932 年 7 月，他们以 230 个席位成为第一大党。经济绝望、对共产主义的恐惧以及该党推翻凡尔赛条约的承诺，对许多选民来说是难以抗拒的。
4. Hitler’s Consolidation of Power | 希特勒的掌权巩固
In January 1933, President Hindenburg reluctantly appointed Hitler as Chancellor, believing conservatives could control him. Within months, Hitler destroyed the Weimar democracy. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire; a young Dutch communist, Marinus van der Lubbe, was blamed. Hitler used the incident to persuade Hindenburg to issue the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended civil liberties and allowed the mass arrest of communists. In the still-intimidating atmosphere of March 1933’s election, the Nazis gained only 43.9% of the vote, but by allying with the Nationalist Party they secured a majority.
1933 年 1 月，总统兴登堡勉强任命希特勒为总理，相信保守派可以控制他。短短数月内，希特勒就摧毁了魏玛民主。1933 年 2 月 27 日，国会大厦被纵火；一名年轻的荷兰共产主义者马里努斯·范·德·卢贝被指为元凶。希特勒利用这一事件说服兴登堡颁布《国会纵火法令》，该法令中止了公民自由，并允许大规模逮捕共产党人。在 1933 年 3 月的选举中，恐怖气氛依旧，纳粹只获得了 43.9% 的选票，但通过与民族党结盟，他们获得了多数席位。
The crucial step was the Enabling Act (March 1933), which allowed Hitler’s cabinet to pass laws without the Reichstag or the President’s consent for four years. This effectively made him a dictator. With the Socialists and Communists banned or intimidated, the act passed easily. Subsequent laws banned all other political parties (July 1933), while the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ (June 1934) saw the SS murder the leaders of the SA, including Ernst Röhm, to eliminate internal rivals and to reassure the army. When Hindenburg died in August 1934, Hitler merged the offices of Chancellor and President, becoming Führer. The army swore a personal oath of loyalty to him.
关键的一步是《授权法案》（1933 年 3 月），该法案允许希特勒的内阁在四年内无需国会或总统同意即可通过法律。这实际上使他成为独裁者。由于社会党和共产党被禁或遭到恐吓，该法案顺利通过。随后的法律（1933 年 7 月）禁止了所有其他政党，而“长刀之夜”（1934 年 6 月）中，党卫军谋杀了包括恩斯特·罗姆在内的冲锋队领袖，以清除内部对手并安抚军队。当兴登堡于 1934 年 8 月去世时，希特勒合并了总理和总统的职务，成为元首。军队向他宣誓效忠。
5. Life in Nazi Germany: Social Policies and Control | 纳粹德国的生活：社会政策与控制
The Nazi regime aimed to control every aspect of life. Propaganda was the tool to shape minds, and censorship through the Reich Chamber of Culture ensured only approved art, music, and literature reached the public. All media were strictly controlled by Goebbels’ Ministry of Propaganda. Cheap radios called ‘People’s Receivers’ were produced so that households could hear Hitler’s speeches directly. Massive rallies, such as those at Nuremberg, created a sense of unity and awe.
纳粹政权试图控制生活的方方面面。宣传是塑造思想的工具，而通过帝国文化协会进行的审查则确保只有经过批准的艺术、音乐和文学作品才能到达公众手中。所有媒体都受到戈培尔宣传部的严格控制。生产了名为“民众收音机”的廉价收音机，以便家家户户能直接收听希特勒的演讲。纽伦堡等地的盛大集会营造出一种团结和敬畏感。
Social policy focused on ‘Gleichschaltung’, or coordination, and on Nazi racial ideals. Women were encouraged to focus on Kinder, Küche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church), though employment necessities later forced exceptions. Young people were indoctrinated through the Hitler Youth and the League of German Maidens. Education replaced traditional curricula with race science and militaristic physical training. The Nazis also used terror to enforce conformity: the SS, led by Heinrich Himmler, operated concentration camps such as Dachau from 1933. The Gestapo (secret police) spied on the population, and a network of block wardens encouraged denunciation of neighbours. Opponents, including Social Democrats, Communists, and particularly Jews, faced brutal repression.
社会政策集中在“一体化”（Gleichschaltung）和纳粹的种族理念上。鼓励女性专注于“孩子、厨房、教堂”（Kinder, Küche, Kirche），尽管后来就业需求迫使出现例外。青少年通过希特勒青年团和德意志少女联盟被灌输思想。教育以种族科学和军国主义体能训练取代了传统课程。纳粹还利用恐怖来强制服从：由海因里希·希姆莱领导的党卫军从 1933 年起就运营着达豪等集中营。盖世太保（秘密警察）监视着民众，街区看守网络则鼓励邻里之间的告发。反对者，包括社民党人、共产党人，特别是犹太人，面临着残酷的镇压。
6. Nazi Economic Policy and Rearmament | 纳粹经济政策与重整军备
When Hitler came to power, unemployment stood at around six million. The regime quickly introduced job-creation schemes, including the construction of the Autobahnen (motorways) and public buildings. Conscription, reintroduced in 1935, removed young men from the unemployment statistics, while government spending on rearmament boomed. By 1939, unemployment had virtually disappeared, giving many Germans a sense that the Nazis had delivered economic stability.
希特勒上台时，失业人数约为 600 万。该政权迅速推出了创造就业计划，包括修建高速公路（Autobahnen）和公共建筑。1935 年重新引入的征兵制将年轻男子从失业统计数据中移除，而政府在重整军备上的开支则急剧增长。到 1939 年，失业现象几乎消失，让许多德国人觉得纳粹实现了经济稳定。
However, this was an economy geared for war. Hjalmar Schacht, Minister of Economics, devised the ‘New Plan’ to control imports and exports, reduce unemployment, and promote self-sufficiency (autarky). The later ‘Four Year Plan’ under Hermann Göring in 1936 focused even more directly on preparing Germany for war, expanding raw material production and replacing imports with synthetic alternatives. Although wages remained low and unions were banned (replaced by the Nazi-controlled German Labour Front, DAF), leisure organisations like Strength Through Joy (KdF) offered cheap holidays and rewards to maintain worker morale. This mixture of employment, propaganda, and repression kept the home front relatively stable until the later years of WWII.
然而，这是一个为战争而设计的经济体。经济部长亚尔马·沙赫特制定了“新计划”，以控制进出口、减少失业并促进自给自足（autarky）。此后由赫尔曼·戈林在 1936 年负责的“四年计划”则更加直接地侧重于为战争做准备，扩大原材料生产并用合成替代品取代进口品。尽管工资低下，工会也被取缔（被纳粹控制的德国劳工阵线 DAF 取代），但像“力量来自欢乐”（KdF）这样的休闲组织提供了廉价假期和奖励，以维持工人的士气。这种就业、宣传和镇压的混合，使大后方在二战后期之前保持着相对稳定。
7. The USA in the 1920s: Boom and Bust | 1920 年代的美国：繁荣与崩溃
The United States emerged from World War I as the world’s leading industrial power. Throughout the 1920s, the economy boomed. New industries, such as automobiles, chemicals, and consumer goods, expanded rapidly. Henry Ford’s assembly line production made cars affordable: the Model T, and later the Model A, symbolized the consumer revolution. The boom was built on mass production, mass consumption facilitated by hire purchase and advertising, and a strong stock market. Many Americans invested heavily in shares, often ‘on margin’ (borrowing money to buy stock), which made the economy dangerously vulnerable.
美国从第一次世界大战中脱颖而出，成为世界领先的工业强国。整个 1920 年代，经济持续繁荣。汽车、化工和消费品等新兴产业迅速扩张。亨利·福特的流水线生产使汽车价格变得亲民：T 型车以及后来的 A 型车象征着消费革命。繁荣建立在批量生产、由分期付款和广告推动的大众消费以及强劲的股市之上。许多美国人大举投资股票，通常是“以保证金方式”（借钱买股票），这使得经济处于危险的脆弱之中。
However, beneath the surface, problems mounted. Agriculture did not share in the prosperity because of overproduction and falling prices. Trade unions remained weak, and many industrial workers saw little real wage growth. The Republican governments of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover pursued laissez-faire policies, believing that business would regulate itself. The speculative bubble burst on 24 October 1929 – Black Thursday – when the Wall Street stock market crashed. Prices collapsed, wiping out fortunes overnight. The crash itself did not cause the Great Depression, but it triggered a cascade of bank failures, factory closures, and soaring unemployment that defined the 1930s.
然而，在表面之下，问题在不断累积。农业因为生产过剩和价格下跌而未能分享到繁荣。工会软弱，许多产业工人的实际工资几乎没有增长。哈定、柯立芝和胡佛的共和党政府奉行自由放任政策，相信企业会自行调节。投机泡沫在 1929 年 10 月 24 日——“黑色星期四”——华尔街股市崩盘时破裂。股价暴跌，财富一夜之间蒸发。崩盘本身并没有直接导致大萧条，但它引发了一连串的银行破产、工厂倒闭和失业率飙升，定义了 1930 年代。
8. The Great Depression and the New Deal | 大萧条与新政
The Great Depression hit the USA harder than most nations. By 1933, unemployment had reached around 25% of the workforce, and many banks had collapsed. President Herbert Hoover’s response, based on rugged individualism and minimal government intervention, was widely seen as inadequate. The shanty towns of the homeless were nicknamed ‘Hoovervilles’. In contrast, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1932 election promising a ‘New Deal’ for the American people.
大萧条对美国的打击比大多数国家都更严重。到 1933 年，失业率已达到劳动力的 25% 左右，许多银行纷纷倒闭。赫伯特·胡佛总统基于坚毅个人主义和最低限度政府干预的应对措施，被普遍认为是远远不够的。无家可归者居住的棚户区被称为“胡佛村”。相比之下，富兰克林·D·罗斯福承诺为美国人民带来“新政”，赢得了 1932 年的选举。
Roosevelt’s first ‘Hundred Days’ saw an unprecedented wave of legislation. The Emergency Banking Act stabilised the banking system, while the Alphabet Agencies were designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) gave direct aid to the unemployed; the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided young men with conservation work; the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) sought to raise farm prices by reducing production. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was a huge regional project bringing electricity, flood control, and jobs to a depressed area. Later, the Second New Deal introduced the Social Security Act of 1935, establishing pensions and unemployment insurance, and the Wagner Act strengthened workers’ rights to unionise.
罗斯福的“百日新政”带来了一波前所未有的立法浪潮。《紧急银行法》稳定了银行系统，而众多“字母机构”旨在提供救济、复苏和改革。联邦紧急救济署（FERA）直接向失业者提供援助；平民保育团（CCC）为年轻男子提供自然资源保护方面的工作；农业调整管理局（AAA）力图通过减少产量来提高农产品价格。田纳西河流域管理局（TVA）则是一个巨大的区域项目，为落后地区带来了电力、防洪和就业机会。后来，第二次新政推出了 1935 年的《社会保障法》，建立了养老金和失业保险制度，而《瓦格纳法》则加强了工人组织工会的权利。
The New Deal did not end the Depression – that only occurred with the massive spending of World War II – but it transformed the role of the federal government in American life and provided hope to millions. Its legacy includes the welfare state, public works, and the idea that government has a responsibility to ensure the well-being of its citizens.
新政并未终结大萧条——只有二战的巨额开支才做到了这一点——但它改变了联邦政府在美国生活中的角色，并给数百万民众带来了希望。它的遗产包括福利国家、公共工程，以及政府有责任保障公民福祉的理念。
9. America and the Cold War: 1945–1960s | 美国与冷战：1945–1960 年代
After WWII, the alliance between the USA and the USSR quickly unravelled. The ideological conflict between capitalism and communism, exacerbated by Stalin’s imposition of communist governments in Eastern Europe, led to the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine of 1947 pledged American support to nations threatened by communism, starting with aid to Greece and Turkey. The Marshall Plan provided over $12 billion for the economic reconstruction of Western Europe, both to create stable democracies and to prevent the spread of communism.
二战后，美苏联盟迅速瓦解。资本主义与共产主义之间的意识形态冲突，加上斯大林在东欧强行建立共产主义政府，导致了冷战。1947 年的杜鲁门主义承诺美国将支持受到共产主义威胁的国家，起初是对希腊和土耳其的援助。马歇尔计划为西欧的经济重建提供了超过 120 亿美元的资金，既是为了建立稳定的民主国家，也是为了阻止共产主义的蔓延。
The first flashpoint of the Cold War was the Berlin Blockade (1948–49), when Stalin cut off land access to West Berlin. The Western Allies responded with the Berlin Airlift, successfully supplying the city for almost a year. In 1949, the two German states were formally created: the Federal Republic of Germany (West) and the German Democratic Republic (East). NATO was formed in 1949 as a military alliance. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, tensions escalated. The Korean War (1950–53) saw US-led UN forces fighting against communist North Korea and China. The arms race and the space race intensified, while the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 became a powerful symbol of the division. Closest perhaps to nuclear war was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, when the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba led to a tense standoff that was resolved by negotiation.
冷战的第一个引爆点是在柏林封锁（1948–49 年），当时斯大林切断了通往西柏林的陆路通道。西方盟国以柏林空运作为回应，成功地为该城市提供物资近一年之久。1949 年，两个德国正式成立：德意志联邦共和国（西德）和德意志民主共和国（东德）。北约于 1949 年成立，成为一个军事同盟。在整个 1950 年代和 1960 年代初，紧张局势不断升级。朝鲜战争（1950–53 年）中，美国领导的联合国军与共产主义朝鲜和中国作战。军备竞赛和太空竞赛加剧，而 1961 年柏林墙的修建则成为分裂的有力象征。可能最接近核战争的一次是 1962 年的古巴导弹危机，当时发现苏联在古巴部署核导弹，引发了一场紧张的对峙，最终通过谈判解决。
10. The Civil Rights Movement in the USA | 美国民权运动
Despite the USA’s claims to be a beacon of freedom, African Americans faced systematic discrimination and segregation, particularly in the South. The ‘Jim Crow’ laws enforced racial separation in schools, transport, and public facilities. The civil rights movement aimed to end this inequality. A landmark early victory was the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which declared that ‘separate but equal’ educational facilities were inherently unequal, overturning the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of 1896.
尽管美国声称自己是自由的灯塔，非裔美国人却面临着系统性的歧视和种族隔离，尤其是在南方。吉姆·克劳法在公立学校、交通和公共设施中强制推行种族分离。民权运动旨在终结这种不平等。一个里程碑式的早期胜利是最高法院的“布朗诉教育委员会案”（1954 年），该案宣布“隔离但平等”的教育设施本质上是天然不平等的，推翻了 1896 年“普莱西诉弗格森案”的裁决。
The movement gained momentum in the mid-1950s and 1960s. In 1955, Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her bus seat to a white person sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, led by a young Martin Luther King Jr. King advocated nonviolent resistance, inspired by Gandhi. Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters, freedom rides, and mass marches, such as the March on Washington in 1963 where King delivered his ‘I Have a Dream’ speech, kept pressure on the federal government. Important legislation followed: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests and other obstacles that had prevented African Americans from voting. However, frustration with the slow pace of change also gave rise to more militant groups like the Black Power movement and leaders such as Malcolm X.
运动在 20 世纪 50 年代中期至 60 年代获得了动力。1955 年，罗莎·帕克斯拒绝在公交车上为白人让座，引发了由年轻的小马丁·路德·金领导的蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动。金倡导非暴力抵抗，这受到甘地的启发。针对种族隔离午餐柜台的静坐示威、自由乘车运动和群众游行，如 1963 年金发表“我有一个梦想”演讲的华盛顿大游行，持续向联邦政府施加压力。随后通过了重要立法：1964 年的《民权法案》禁止基于种族、肤色、宗教、性别或民族出身的歧视；1965 年的《投票权法案》废除了读写能力测试和其他阻碍非裔美国人投票的障碍。然而，对变革步伐缓慢的失望也催生了更激进的团体，例如黑人力量运动，以及像马尔科姆·X 这样的领袖。
11. The Cold War Confrontations: Korea and Cuba | 冷战对抗：朝鲜与古巴
The Korean War (1950–53) was a direct result of the Cold War division of the Korean peninsula along the 38th parallel. After the communist North, backed by Stalin and Mao, invaded the South in June 1950, the United Nations (dominated by the USA) authorised a military response. Under General Douglas MacArthur, UN forces initially pushed the North Koreans back to the Chinese border, but China then entered the war, driving the UN southwards. The conflict settled into a bloody stalemate, and an armistice was signed in 1953, leaving Korea divided roughly as before. The war cemented the US policy of ‘containment’ in Asia and led to a massive increase in American defence spending.
朝鲜战争（1950–53 年）是朝鲜半岛沿 38 线进行的冷战分裂的直接后果。得到斯大林和毛泽东支持的共产党北方于 1950 年 6 月入侵南方后，由美国主导的联合国授权采取军事回应。在道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军的领导下，联合国军最初将朝鲜军队推回到中朝边境，但随后中国参战，又将联合国军向南驱赶。冲突陷入血腥的僵局，1953 年签署的停战协定使朝鲜的分裂基本维持原状。这场战争巩固了美国在亚洲的“遏制”政策，并导致美国国防开支大幅增加。
The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 196
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