📚 SQA Media Studies Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | SQA媒体研究关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick revision guide for SQA Higher/Advanced Higher Media Studies. Mastering key terminology is vital for analysing media texts and constructing well-supported arguments in your exams. This guide presents core concepts, theories and technical vocabulary in bite-sized English–Chinese pairs to help you memorise and apply them with confidence.
欢迎使用 SQA 高等/高级高等媒体研究速记指南。掌握关键术语对分析媒介文本和在考试中构筑论据充分的论述至关重要。本指南以简明中英配对形式呈现核心概念、理论与技术词汇，助你牢固记忆并自信应用。
1. Media Language and Codes | 媒介语言与符码
In SQA Media Studies, ‘media language’ describes how media texts communicate meaning through various codes and conventions. Recognising technical, symbolic and written codes equips you to deconstruct how messages are shaped.
在 SQA 媒体研究中，“媒介语言”描述媒介文本如何通过各种符码与惯例传达意义。识别技术、象征和书面符码能让你解构信息是如何被塑造的。
Media Language: The system of visual, audio and written techniques used to create meaning in a media text.
媒介语言：用于在媒介文本中创造意义的视觉、听觉和书面技术体系。
Technical Codes: The use of equipment to construct meaning, including camera angles, shot types, lighting and editing.
技术符码：通过设备运用构建意义，包括镜头角度、镜头类型、照明和剪辑。
Symbolic Codes: Elements that convey deeper meaning through mise-en-scène, such as colour, costume, props, setting and body language.
象征符码：通过场面调度传达深层次意义的元素，如色彩、服装、道具、场景和身体语言。
Written Codes: All forms of written language in a text, such as titles, captions, slogans and dialogue on screen.
书面符码：文本中所有形式的书面语言，如标题、字幕、口号和屏幕对白。
Conventions: The accepted ways of doing things within a genre or medium that audiences expect, such as a cliffhanger in a drama.
惯例：在某一类型或媒介中被受众所期待的惯常做法，如戏剧中的悬念结尾。
Anchorage: How text (such as a caption) fixes or guides the meaning of an image, limiting ambiguity. (Barthes)
锚定：文字（如标题）如何固定或引导图像的意义，以减少歧义。（巴特）
2. Semiotics: Sign, Signifier, Signified | 符号学：符号、能指、所指
Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their role in creating meaning. SQA courses draw on this framework to examine how media audiences decode messages.
符号学是研究符号与象征及其在创造意义中的作用的学科。SQA 课程借助这一框架考察媒介受众如何解码信息。
Semiotics: The theory of signs and how meaning is constructed and understood through sign systems.
符号学：关于符号以及如何通过符号系统构建与理解意义的理论。
Sign: The combination of the signifier and the signified that communicates a meaning (e.g., a red rose).
符号：能指与所指的结合，传达某种意义（如一朵红玫瑰）。
Signifier: The physical form of the sign – the image, sound or word we perceive (e.g., the rose image).
能指：符号的物理形式——我们感知到的图像、声音或文字（如玫瑰的图像）。
Signified: The mental concept or meaning evoked by the signifier (e.g., romance or passion).
所指：由能指引发的心理概念或意义（如浪漫或热情）。
Denotation: The literal, obvious, dictionary-level meaning of a sign.
外延：符号的字面、显见的、词典层面的意义。
Connotation: The associated, cultural or emotional meanings that a sign carries beyond its literal sense.
内涵：符号在字面意义之外所携带的联想、文化或情感意义。
3. Camera Shots and Angles | 摄影镜头与角度
Camera techniques are fundamental technical codes. The selection of shot type and angle profoundly influences how audiences perceive characters, power and emotion.
摄影技巧是基本的技术符码。镜头类型和角度的选择深刻影响着受众对角色、权力和情感的感知。
Establishing Shot: A wide, often panoramic shot that sets the scene and location for the audience.
定场镜头：一种宽广、常为全景的镜头，为受众交代场景和地点。
Close-Up (CU): A shot that tightly frames a person’s face or an object, intensifying emotion and detail.
特写镜头：紧密框选人物面部或物体的镜头，强化情感与细节。
Extreme Close-Up (ECU): A very tight shot isolating a small feature, such as an eye, to create tension or significance.
大特写：极为紧凑的镜头，孤立展示微小特征（如眼睛），以制造紧张感或强调意义。
Low Angle: The camera looks up at a subject, making it appear powerful, dominant or threatening.
低角度：摄影机仰视被摄主体，使其显得强大、主导或有威胁感。
High Angle: The camera looks down on a subject, making it appear vulnerable, weak or insignificant.
高角度：摄影机俯视被摄主体，使其显得脆弱、弱小或微不足道。
Dutch Angle (Canted Angle): The camera is tilted so the horizon is slanted, suggesting disorientation or instability.
倾斜角度：摄影机倾斜使地平线歪斜，暗示混乱或不稳定。
Pan: The camera swivels horizontally from a fixed position, often following movement or scanning a scene.
摇镜：摄影机从固定位置水平旋转，常跟随动作或扫视场景。
Tilt: The camera moves vertically up or down from a fixed position, revealing height or scale.
俯仰镜：摄影机从固定位置垂直上下摇动，展示高度或规模。
Tracking/Dolly Shot: The whole camera moves alongside or towards/away from the subject, often on tracks.
推拉/移动镜头：整个摄影机沿轨道等与被摄体并行或移近/远离。
4. Editing Techniques | 剪辑技巧
Editing shapes narrative pace, creates relationships between shots and guides audience attention. SQA assessment expects you to name specific transitions and their effects.
剪辑塑造叙事节奏，在镜头间创建关系并引导受众注意力。SQA 评估要求你指出具体的转场及其效果。
Cut: A basic edit where one shot instantaneously replaces another, the most common transition.
硬切：一个镜头瞬间被另一个替代的基本剪辑，是最常见的转场。
Match on Action: Cutting from one shot to another while continuing the same movement, ensuring seamless continuity.
动作匹配：在延续同一动作时从一个镜头切至另一个，确保流畅连续。
Jump Cut: An abrupt edit that breaks continuity by removing time within a single sequence, often disorientating.
跳切：通过移除单个段落内的部分时间而破坏连续性的突兀剪辑，常造成混乱感。
Cross-Cutting (Parallel Editing): Alternating between two or more scenes happening simultaneously to build tension.
交叉剪辑（平行剪辑）：在两个或多个同时发生的场景间交替，以营造张力。
Montage: A sequence of short shots edited together to condense time, space or information (e.g., training sequence).
蒙太奇：一组短镜头组接以压缩时间、空间或信息（如训练片段）。
Continuity Editing: A system of editing that maintains clear narrative flow and logical spatio-temporal relationships.
连续剪辑：一种保持清晰叙事流程和合理时空关系的剪辑体系。
180-Degree Rule: An imaginary line that the camera must stay on one side of to preserve spatial orientation between characters.
180度规则：摄影机必须保持在一条假想线的同一侧，以保持角色之间的空间方向感。
Shot-Reverse-Shot: Cutting between two characters looking at each other, typically used in dialogue scenes.
正反打镜头：在互相对望的两个角色间切换，常用于对话场景。
Dissolve: A gradual transition where one shot fades out as another fades in, often indicating a passage of time.
叠化：一个镜头逐渐淡出而另一个淡入的渐变转场，常表示时间的流逝。
5. Mise-en-Scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène refers to everything placed in front of the camera. Analysing these elements helps reveal the symbolic world constructed by the media producer.
场面调度指放置在摄影机前的一切事物。分析这些元素有助于揭示媒介制作者构建的象征世界。
Setting: The physical environment where the action takes place, creating context and atmosphere.
场景：动作发生的物理环境，营造背景与氛围。
Props: Objects used by characters that can carry symbolic meaning or advance the narrative.
道具：角色使用的物件，可承载象征意义或推进叙事。
Costume: The clothing worn by characters, communicating personality, status, era or cultural codes.
服装：角色穿着的衣物，传达个性、地位、时代或文化符码。
High-Key Lighting: Bright, even illumination with few shadows, often used in comedies or adverts to convey positivity.
高调照明：明亮均匀、少阴影的照明，常用于喜剧或广告以传达积极情绪。
Low-Key Lighting: High-contrast lighting producing deep shadows and dramatic effects, typical of film noir and thrillers.
低调照明：产生深重阴影和戏剧性效果的高对比照明，典型于黑色电影和惊悚片。
Chiaroscuro: Extreme use of light and shadow for a painterly, three-dimensional effect, emphasising tension.
明暗对比法：极度运用光与影以达到绘画般的立体效果，强调紧张氛围。
Colour Palette: The deliberate range of colours used in costume, lighting and set design to evoke mood or symbolism.
色彩基调：在服装、照明和布景中有意运用的色彩范围，以唤起情绪或象征意义。
Blocking: The precise arrangement and movement of actors in relation to the camera and each other.
调度/走位：演员相对于摄影机和彼此之间的精准安排与移动。
6. Sound Terminology | 声音术语
Sound is a powerful meaning-making resource. SQA expects you to distinguish between diegetic and non-diegetic sound and to identify how audio shapes audience response.
声音是强大的意义创造资源。SQA 要求你区分剧情声音与非剧情声音，并识别音频如何塑造受众反应。
Diegetic Sound: Sound that originates from within the story world and can be heard by the characters (e.g., dialogue, footsteps).
剧情内声音：源于故事世界内部、能被角色听到的声音（如对白、脚步声）。
Non-Diegetic Sound: Sound added for the audience’s benefit that characters cannot hear (e.g., voiceover, background score).
非剧情声音：为受众添加、角色听不到的声音（如画外音、背景配乐）。
Voiceover (VO): Narration played over the action, often non-diegetic, providing insight or exposition.
画外音：在画面上方播放的解说，常为非剧情声音，提供内心洞察或说明。
Sound Effects (SFX): Artificial or enhanced sounds added to support action and build atmosphere (e.g., explosions, door creaks).
音响效果：为支持动作并营造氛围而添加的人造或强化声音（如爆炸、门吱嘎声）。
Ambient Sound: Background noise that establishes location and realism (e.g., birdsong, traffic hum).
环境音：确立地点和真实感的背景噪声（如鸟鸣、车流声）。
Sound Bridge: Sound from the next scene introduced before the visual transition, smoothing the edit.
声音桥梁：在视觉转场前引入下一场景的声音，使剪辑平滑。
Score: Original music composed specifically for a media text to underscore emotional beats and tone.
原声音乐：专门为媒本谱写的原创音乐，用以强调情感节拍和基调。
7. Narrative Theories | 叙事理论
Narrative theory offers models for understanding story structure and character roles. SQA questions frequently ask you to apply Propp, Todorov or Barthes to media texts.
叙事理论为理解故事结构和角色功能提供了模型。SQA 问题常要求你将普洛普、托多罗夫或巴特的理论用于媒介文本。
Narrative: The structured sequence of events and the way the story is told in a media text.
叙事：媒介文本中事件的结构化序列以及故事被讲述的方式。
Todorov’s Equilibrium Theory: Narratives progress through equilibrium → disruption → recognition → attempt to repair → new equilibrium.
托多罗夫平衡理论：叙事经由均衡 → 打破均衡 → 认识到失衡 → 尝试修复 → 新均衡的过程发展。
Propp’s Character Types: Recurring roles such as hero, villain, donor, helper, princess and dispatcher identified in folk tales.
普洛普角色类型：在民间故事中识别出的反复出现的角色，如英雄、恶棍、赠予者、帮手、公主和派遣者。
Barthes’ Enigma Code: Narratives use mysteries or puzzles to engage audiences and drive them to keep watching/reading.
巴特谜题符码：叙事使用谜团或悬疑来吸引受众，驱使他们继续观看/阅读。
Barthes’ Action Code: Events that imply further actions, building a sense of cause and effect (e.g., picking up a weapon).
巴特行动符码：暗示后续行动、建立因果关系的事件（如拿起武器）。
Levi-Strauss’ Binary Oppositions: Narratives are structured around pairs of opposing concepts (e.g., good vs evil, nature vs technology).
列维-斯特劳斯二元对立：叙事围绕对立概念对搭建而成（如善与恶、自然与科技）。
Linear Narrative: Events are presented in chronological order from beginning to end.
线性叙事：事件按时间顺序从头到尾呈现。
Non-Linear Narrative: The story is told out of chronological order, using flashbacks, flash-forwards or parallel threads.
非线性叙事：故事不按时间顺序讲述，使用倒叙、闪前或平行线索。
8. Representation and Stereotypes | 表征与刻板印象
Representation examines how media texts portray people, places and social groups. Analysing mediation, stereotypes and ideology is central to SQA candidate responses.
表征考察媒介文本如何描绘人物、地点和社会群体。分析中介、刻板印象和意识形态是 SQA 答卷的核心。
Mediation: The process through which a media text re-presents reality, selecting, editing and framing aspects to convey a particular viewpoint.
中介：媒介文本通过选择、剪辑和框取某些方面来再现现实、传达特定观点的过程。
Stereotype: A simplified, often exaggerated and widely circulated representation of a group, reducing individuals to a few traits.
刻板印象：对某个群体简化、常被夸大且广泛传播的再现，将个体缩减为少数几个特征。
Countertype: A representation that deliberately challenges or subverts an existing stereotype.
反刻板类型：有意挑战或颠覆现有刻板印象的再现。
Archetype: A universal, recurring character model or symbol found across cultures and stories (e.g., the mentor).
原型：跨文化与故事中普遍存在的、反复出现的角色模型或象征（如导师）。
Male Gaze (Laura Mulvey): The portrayal of women from a heterosexual male perspective, objectifying them for visual pleasure.
男性凝视（劳拉·穆尔维）：从异性恋男性视角描绘女性，将其客体化以供视觉快感。
Tokenism: The superficial inclusion of a minority character to give the appearance of diversity without meaningful representation.
象征性点缀：为制造多样性表象而表面化地纳入少数群体角色，并无有意义的再现。
Hegemony (Gramsci): The way dominant ideologies are accepted as common sense, shaping how groups are represented without overt force.
文化霸权（葛兰西）：主导意识形态被接受为常识、在无公然强制下塑造群体再现方式的过程。
9. Audience Theories and Models | 受众理论与模型
SQA requires you to move beyond simple effects models and engage with how audiences actively interpret and use media texts. The table below summarises key models.
SQA 要求你超越简单的效果模型，探讨受众如何主动解读和使用媒介
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