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WJEC IGCSE Further Maths Formula & Theorems Quick Reference | WJEC IGCSE 进阶数学公式定理速查手册

📚 WJEC IGCSE Further Maths Formula & Theorems Quick Reference | WJEC IGCSE 进阶数学公式定理速查手册

This quick reference guide compiles all essential formulas and theorems required for the WJEC IGCSE Further Mathematics syllabus. Use it as a handy revision tool to reinforce your understanding and speed up problem-solving.

本速查手册汇集了 WJEC IGCSE 进阶数学大纲要求的所有核心公式和定理。将其作为便捷的复习工具,帮助你巩固理解并提高解题速度。


1. Algebraic Identities and Expansions | 代数恒等式与展开

The square of a sum: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b².

和的完全平方: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²。

The square of a difference: (a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b².

差的完全平方: (a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b²。

Difference of two squares: a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b).

平方差公式: a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b)。

Sum of cubes: a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²).

立方和公式: a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²)。

Binomial expansion for a positive integer n: (1 + x)ⁿ = 1 + nx + n(n−1)x²/2! + n(n−1)(n−2)x³/3! + …

正整数 n 的二项式展开: (1 + x)ⁿ = 1 + nx + n(n−1)x²/2! + n(n−1)(n−2)x³/3! + …


2. Quadratic Functions and Roots | 二次函数与根

General form: ax² + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.

标准形式: ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a ≠ 0。

Quadratic formula: x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a).

求根公式: x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a)。

Discriminant: Δ = b² − 4ac. For real and distinct roots Δ > 0; equal roots Δ = 0; no real roots Δ < 0.

判别式: Δ = b² − 4ac。 Δ > 0 时有相异实根; Δ = 0 时有重根; Δ < 0 时无实根。

Sum of roots: α + β = −b / a ; product of roots: αβ = c / a.

根之和: α + β = −b / a ;根之积: αβ = c / a。

Completing the square: ax² + bx + c = a(x + b/(2a))² − (b² − 4ac)/(4a).

配方法: ax² + bx + c = a(x + b/(2a))² − (b² − 4ac)/(4a)。


3. Differentiation Rules | 微分法则

Power rule: d/dx (xⁿ) = n xⁿ⁻¹ for any real n.

幂函数求导: d/dx (xⁿ) = n xⁿ⁻¹,n 为任意实数。

Constant multiple: d/dx [k f(x)] = k f′(x).

常数乘积: d/dx [k f(x)] = k f′(x)。

Sum rule: d/dx [f(x) ± g(x)] = f′(x) ± g′(x).

和差法则: d/dx [f(x) ± g(x)] = f′(x) ± g′(x)。

Derivative of sin x: d/dx (sin x) = cos x.

sin x 的导数: d/dx (sin x) = cos x。

Derivative of cos x: d/dx (cos x) = −sin x.

cos x 的导数: d/dx (cos x) = −sin x。

Derivative of eˣ: d/dx (eˣ) = eˣ ; derivative of ln x: d/dx (ln x) = 1/x.

eˣ 的导数: d/dx (eˣ) = eˣ ; ln x 的导数: d/dx (ln x) = 1/x。

Chain rule: dy/dx = dy/du × du/dx.

链式法则: dy/dx = dy/du × du/dx。

Product rule: d/dx (uv) = u′v + uv′.

乘法法则: d/dx (uv) = u′v + uv′。

Quotient rule: d/dx (u/v) = (u′v − uv′) / v².

除法法则: d/dx (u/v) = (u′v − uv′) / v²。


4. Integration Techniques | 积分技巧

Basic power rule: ∫ xⁿ dx = (xⁿ⁺¹)/(n+1) + C, where n ≠ −1.

基本幂函数积分: ∫ xⁿ dx = (xⁿ⁺¹)/(n+1) + C,其中 n ≠ −1。

Integral of 1/x: ∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C.

1/x 的积分: ∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C。

Integral of sin x: ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C.

sin x 的积分: ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C。

Integral of cos x: ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C.

cos x 的积分: ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C。

Integral of eˣ: ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C.

eˣ 的积分: ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C。

Definite integral: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a), where F′(x) = f(x).

定积分: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a),其中 F′(x) = f(x)。

Integration by substitution: ∫ f(g(x)) g′(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du, where u = g(x).

换元积分法: ∫ f(g(x)) g′(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du,其中 u = g(x)。


5. Coordinate Geometry | 解析几何

Distance between two points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂): d = √[(x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²].

两点间距离公式: d = √[(x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²]。

Midpoint formula: M = ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2).

中点坐标: M = ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2)。

Gradient of a line: m = (y₂ − y₁) / (x₂ − x₁).

直线斜率: m = (y₂ − y₁) / (x₂ − x₁)。

Equation of a straight line: y − y₁ = m(x − x₁) or y = mx + c.

直线方程: y − y₁ = m(x − x₁) 或 y = mx + c。

Parallel lines: m₁ = m₂. Perpendicular lines: m₁ × m₂ = −1.

平行条件: m₁ = m₂; 垂直条件: m₁ × m₂ = −1。

Circle with centre (a, b) and radius r: (x − a)² + (y − b)² = r².

圆的标准方程: (x − a)² + (y − b)² = r²,圆心 (a, b),半径 r。


6. Trigonometry | 三角学

Basic definitions for an angle θ in a right-angled triangle: sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse, cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse, tan θ = opposite/adjacent.

直角三角形中角 θ 的三角函数定义: sin θ = 对边/斜边, cos θ = 邻边/斜边, tan θ = 对边/邻边。

Pythagorean identity: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1.

勾股恒等式: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1。

Quotient identity: tan θ = sin θ / cos θ.

商数关系: tan θ = sin θ / cos θ。

Sine rule: a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C.

正弦定理: a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C。

Cosine rule: a² = b² + c² − 2bc cos A.

余弦定理: a² = b² + c² − 2bc cos A。

Area of triangle: Area = ½ ab sin C.

三角形面积公式: 面积 = ½ ab sin C。

Small angle approximations (θ in radians): sin θ ≈ θ, cos θ ≈ 1 − θ²/2, tan θ ≈ θ.

小角度近似(θ 用弧度): sin θ ≈ θ, cos θ ≈ 1 − θ²/2, tan θ ≈ θ。

Exact values: sin 30° = ½, sin 45° = √2/2, sin 60° = √3/2; similarly for cos and tan.

特殊角的精确值: sin 30° = ½, sin 45° = √2/2, sin 60° = √3/2;余弦和正切类似。


7. Vectors in Two Dimensions | 平面向量

A vector is represented as a column vector: v = (x, y) or as xi + yj.

向量表示为列向量: v = (x, y) 或 xi + yj。

Magnitude of a vector: |v| = √(x² + y²).

向量的模: |v| = √(x² + y²)。

Addition of vectors: (x₁, y₁) + (x₂, y₂) = (x₁ + x₂, y₁ + y₂).

向量加法: (x₁, y₁) + (x₂, y₂) = (x₁ + x₂, y₁ + y₂)。

Scalar multiplication: k (x, y) = (kx, ky).

数乘向量: k (x, y) = (kx, ky)。

Dot product: a · b = x₁ x₂ + y₁ y₂ = |a| |b| cos θ.

点积: a · b = x₁ x₂ + y₁ y₂ = |a| |b| cos θ。

Perpendicular vectors: a · b = 0.

垂直条件: a · b = 0。

Position vector of a point dividing a line segment in ratio m:n: r = (n a + m b) / (m + n).

定比分点公式: r = (n a + m b) / (m + n),其中 a 和 b 为端点位置向量。


8. Matrices | 矩阵

A 2×2 matrix is written as [ [a, b], [c, d] ] and its determinant is ad − bc.

2×2 矩阵记作 [ [a, b], [c, d] ],行列式为 ad − bc。

Matrix multiplication: the product of two 2×2 matrices is defined by row×column.

矩阵乘法:两个 2×2 矩阵相乘按照行乘列定义。

Identity matrix I = [ [1,0], [0,1] ] ; for any matrix A, AI = IA = A.

单位矩阵 I = [ [1,0], [0,1] ]; 对任意矩阵 A, AI = IA = A。

Inverse of a 2×2 matrix: if det ≠ 0, A⁻¹ = (1/(ad−bc)) [ [d, −b], [−c, a] ].

2×2 矩阵的逆:若行列式不为零,则 A⁻¹ = (1/(ad−bc)) [ [d, −b], [−c, a] ]。

Transformations using matrices: reflection, rotation, enlargement, and shear can be represented by 2×2 matrices.

矩阵变换:反射、旋转、放大和切变都可用 2×2 矩阵表示。

Rotation by θ anticlockwise: R = [ [cos θ, −sin θ], [sin θ, cos θ] ].

逆时针旋转 θ 的矩阵: R = [ [cos θ, −sin θ], [sin θ, cos θ] ]。


9. Sequences and Series | 数列与级数

Arithmetic sequence: nth term uₙ = a + (n−1)d, where a is the first term and d is the common difference.

等差数列:第 n 项 uₙ = a + (n−1)d,其中 a 为首项,d 为公差。

Sum of arithmetic series: Sₙ = n/2 [2a + (n−1)d] = n/2 (a + L), where L is the last term.

等差数列前 n 项和: Sₙ = n/2 [2a + (n−1)d] = n/2 (a + L),L 为末项。

Geometric sequence: nth term uₙ = a rⁿ⁻¹, where r is the common ratio.

等比数列:第 n 项 uₙ = a rⁿ⁻¹,公比为 r。

Sum of geometric series: Sₙ = a(1 − rⁿ) / (1 − r) for |r| ≠ 1. Infinite sum: S∞ = a / (1 − r) for |r| < 1.

等比数列前 n 项和: Sₙ = a(1 − rⁿ) / (1 − r),|r| ≠ 1。无穷和:当 |r| < 1 时 S∞ = a / (1 − r)。

Notation Σ: Σ (from k=1 to n) uₖ denotes the sum of terms u₁ to uₙ.

求和符号 Σ: Σ (k=1 到 n) uₖ 表示从 u₁ 到 uₙ 的和。


10. Probability and Statistics | 概率与统计

Probability of event A: P(A) = number of favourable outcomes / total number of outcomes.

事件 A 的概率: P(A) = 有利结果数 / 总结果数。

Complement rule: P(not A) = 1 − P(A).

互补事件: P(非 A) = 1 − P(A)。

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).

互斥事件的加法公式: P(A 或 B) = P(A) + P(B)。

Multiplication rule for independent events: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B).

独立事件的乘法公式: P(A 和 B) = P(A) × P(B)。

Conditional probability: P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B).

条件概率: P(A|B) = P(A 和 B) / P(B)。

Mean of a dataset: μ = Σ xᵢ / n. Median is the middle value when ordered.

数据集均值: μ = Σ xᵢ / n。中位数是排序后中间的值。

Standard deviation (ungrouped): σ = √[ Σ(xᵢ − μ)² / n ].

标准差(未分组): σ = √[ Σ(xᵢ − μ)² / n ]。

Tree diagrams and Venn diagrams are useful tools for organising probabilities.

树状图和维恩图是整理概率的有效工具。

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