📚 Year 13 AQA Biology: Key Terms Memory Guide | Year 13 AQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering AQA A-level Biology requires a firm grip on the precise terminology that examiners expect. This guide presents essential Year 13 vocabulary in logical clusters, each partnered with a memorable mnemonic or visual hook to speed up recall and prevent mixing up similar-sounding concepts. Read the English explanation and its Chinese pairing for every point, then use the mnemonics actively while revising.
掌握 AQA A-level 生物需要牢牢抓住考官所期待的那套精准术语。本指南将高三关键词汇按主题分组呈现，每组配上一个好记的口诀或形象联想，帮助加速回忆，避免混淆形似概念。复习时请逐条阅读每个要点的英文解释及其中文配对，并主动使用记忆术。
1. Photosynthesis: Light Reaction Vocabulary | 光合作用：光反应词汇
Thylakoid: Flattened membrane discs inside chloroplasts that house photosystems and the electron transport chain. Mnemonic: ‘Thyla-koid = Thin stacked coins’ – picture a stack of coins where light energy is captured.
类囊体：叶绿体内的扁平膜盘，容纳光合系统和电子传递链。记忆法：“类囊体堆叠如硬币”——想象光能在堆叠的硬币中被捕获。
Photolysis: The splitting of water using light energy, releasing O₂, protons and electrons. Mnemonic: ‘Happy Elephants Play Outside’ (H₂O → H⁺ + e⁻ + O₂).
光解：利用光能分解水，释放氧气、质子和电子。记忆法：“快乐大象户外玩”（H₂O → H⁺ + e⁻ + O₂）。
Photophosphorylation: The production of ATP using light energy; it can be cyclic (only ATP) or non-cyclic (ATP + NADPH). Mnemonic: ‘P for Photo, P for Power (ATP)’.
光合磷酸化：利用光能产生 ATP；可分循环式（仅产 ATP）和非循环式（产 ATP + NADPH）。记忆法：“P 代表光（Photo），也代表能源（Power）”。
ADP + Pi → ATP (catalysed by ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane)
ADP + Pi → ATP（由类囊体膜上的 ATP 合酶催化）
2. Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle & Carbon Fixation | 光合作用：卡尔文循环与碳固定
Calvin cycle: The light-independent reaction series in the stroma that uses ATP and NADPH to fix CO₂ into carbohydrate. Mnemonic for the stages: ‘RuBP Regenerates Beautiful Plants’ (RuBP → GP → TP → regenerate RuBP).
卡尔文循环：发生在基质中的光不依赖反应系列，利用 ATP 和 NADPH 将 CO₂ 固定为碳水化合物。阶段记忆法：“RuBP 再生美丽植物”（核酮糖二磷酸 → 甘油酸-3-磷酸 → 丙糖磷酸 → 再生 RuBP）。
Rubisco: The enzyme that catalyses the carboxylation of RuBP. Mnemonic: ‘Rubisco RuBisCO = RuBP + CO₂ fixing’. It has a dual nature – also oxygenase when O₂ competes.
Rubisco：催化 RuBP 羧化的酶。记忆法：可看成“RuBP + CO₂”的缩写组合。该酶具有双重功能，当 O₂ 竞争时起加氧酶作用。
Triose phosphate (TP): The 3-carbon sugar phosphate that can be exported to the cytoplasm for hexose synthesis or used to regenerate RuBP. Mnemonic: ‘Triose Phosphate = Triple carbon prize’.
丙糖磷酸 (TP)：可以输出至细胞质用于合成己糖或用于再生 RuBP 的三碳糖磷酸。记忆法：“丙糖磷酸 = 三碳奖品”。
3. Respiration: Glycolysis to Krebs Cycle | 呼吸作用：糖酵解至克雷布斯循环
Glycolysis: Splitting of glucose (6C → 2 × 3C pyruvate) in the cytoplasm, producing net 2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD. Mnemonic: ‘Glucose Slowly Chopped, Yields Little ATP, Nervous Onwards to Link’ – referring to the modest energy yield but essential preparation.
糖酵解：在细胞质中将葡萄糖（6C → 2 × 3C 丙酮酸）分解，净产 2 个 ATP 和 2 个还原态 NAD。记忆法：“葡萄糖被慢慢切碎，产出少量 ATP，紧张兮兮地进入连接反应”。
Link reaction: Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix, is decarboxylated and oxidised to acetyl CoA, releasing CO₂ and reduced NAD. Mnemonic: ‘Link joins Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA – CO₂ and NAD are released’.
连接反应：丙酮酸进入线粒体基质，经脱羧氧化生成乙酰辅酶 A，释放 CO₂ 和还原态 NAD。记忆法：“连接反应把丙酮酸连到乙酰辅酶 A，副产品是 CO₂ 和 NAD”。
Krebs cycle: A series of decarboxylations and dehydrogenations that oxidise acetyl groups to CO₂, yielding reduced NAD, reduced FAD and ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation). Mnemonic: ‘Citrate Is A Very Special Kreb’s Fuel, Making Oxidation’ (Citrate → Isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate → … regenerate oxaloacetate).
克雷布斯循环：一系列脱羧脱氢反应，将乙酰基氧化为 CO₂，生成还原态 NAD、还原态 FAD 和 ATP（底物水平磷酸化）。记忆法：首字母串成“Citrate Is A Very Special K…”帮助回忆顺序。
Acetyl CoA + 3NAD⁺ + FAD + ADP + Pi → 2CO₂ + 3NADH + FADH₂ + ATP
乙酰辅酶 A + 3NAD⁺ + FAD + ADP + Pi → 2CO₂ + 3NADH + FADH₂ + ATP
4. Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation & Chemiosmosis | 呼吸作用：氧化磷酸化与化学渗透
Electron transport chain (ETC): Carriers on the inner mitochondrial membrane pass electrons from NADH/FADH₂ to O₂, pumping protons into the intermembrane space. Mnemonic for ETC order: ‘Never Question Charlie Brown’s Chocolate’ (NADH dehydrogenase, Q, cytochrome b-c1, cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase).
电子传递链 (ETC)：线粒体内膜上的载体将 NADH/FADH₂ 的电子传递至 O₂，同时将质子泵入膜间隙。ETC 顺序记忆：“Never Question Charlie Brown’s Chocolate”（NADH 脱氢酶、辅酶 Q、细胞色素 b-c1、细胞色素 c、细胞色素氧化酶）。
Chemiosmosis: The flow of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase channels, driving ATP synthesis. Mnemonic: ‘Chemi-osmosis = chemical protons streaming through the synthase turbine’.
化学渗透：质子通过 ATP 合酶通道回流至基质，驱动 ATP 合成。记忆法：“化学渗透 = 化学质子流穿过合酶涡轮”。
Final electron acceptor: Oxygen accepts electrons and combines with protons to form water. Mnemonic: ‘Oxygen is the finishing line – without it, the chain stops (cyanide poisoning example)’.
末端电子受体：氧接受电子并与质子结合生成水。记忆法：“氧是终点线——没有它，传递链停顿（氰化物中毒即此原理）”。
5. Energy Transfer in Ecosystems | 生态系统中的能量传递
Gross primary production (GPP): Total light energy converted to chemical energy by producers. Net primary production (NPP): GPP minus respiratory losses (R). Mnemonic: ‘NPP = GPP – R, just like your net salary = gross – tax’.
总初级生产力 (GPP)：生产者将光能转化为化学能的总量。净初级生产力 (NPP)：GPP 减去呼吸损失 (R)。记忆法：“NPP = GPP – R，就像实发工资 = 毛工资 – 税”。
Trophic efficiency: The percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next. Formula: (energy in higher level / energy in lower level) × 100. Mnemonic: ‘Ten percent rule – rarely above 20%’.
营养级效率：从一个营养级传递至下一级的能量百分比。公式：(较高营养级能量 / 较低营养级能量) × 100。记忆法：“通常 10% 规则，鲜少超过 20%”。
Efficiency = (Energy after transfer / Energy before transfer) × 100
效率 = (传递后能量 / 传递前能量) × 100
6. Nervous Communication & Synapses | 神经通讯与突触
Resting potential: −70 mV, maintained by Na⁺/K⁺ pump (3Na⁺ out, 2K⁺ in) and K⁺ leak channels. Mnemonic: ‘Resting is -70, KiNKy pump (K in, Na out)’.
静息电位：−70 mV，由 Na⁺/K⁺ 泵（3Na⁺ 出，2K⁺ 入）和 K⁺ 渗漏通道维持。记忆法：“静息 -70，钠钾泵‘钾进钠出’”。
Action potential stages: Depolarisation (Na⁺ in), repolarisation (K⁺ out), hyperpolarisation (K⁺ channels slow to close). Mnemonic: ‘Doctor Rub Hands’ (Depolarisation, Repolarisation, Hyperpolarisation).
动作电位阶段：去极化（Na⁺ 内流）、复极化（K⁺ 外流）、超极化（K⁺ 通道关闭延迟）。记忆法：“Doctor Rub Hands”（去、复、超）。
Synaptic transmission: Calcium influx → vesicle exocytosis → neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine) diffuses → binds to receptors → ion channels open. Mnemonic: ‘Calcium Calls Vesicles to Vomit Neurotransmitter’.
突触传递：钙离子内流 → 囊泡胞吐 → 神经递质（如乙酰胆碱）扩散 → 结合受体 → 离子通道打开。记忆法：“钙离子叫囊泡呕吐递质”。
7. Muscle Contraction & Sliding Filament | 肌肉收缩与滑丝模型
Sarcomere: The contractile unit between two Z-lines. It shortens during contraction because actin and myosin filaments slide past each other. Mnemonic: ‘Myosin pulls Actin, Zooms Z-lines together’.
肌节：两 Z 线之间的收缩单位。收缩时因肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白丝相对滑动而缩短。记忆法：“肌球蛋白拉肌动蛋白，Z 线拉近”。
Cross-bridge cycle steps: Myosin head binds actin, power stroke, ATP binds causing detachment, ATP hydrolysis recocks the head. Mnemonic: ‘Ball – Pull – Unbind – Recock’ (think of a spring-loaded gun).
横桥循环步骤：肌球蛋白头结合肌动蛋白、发力冲程、ATP 结合致脱离、ATP 水解重新蓄能。记忆法：“绑——拉——脱——蓄”（像弹簧枪）。
Role of Ca²⁺: Calcium binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin away from actin binding sites. Mnemonic: ‘Calcium Clears the way on actin’.
Ca²⁺ 的作用：钙离子与肌钙蛋白结合，使原肌球蛋白移离肌动蛋白结合位点。记忆法：“钙清理肌动蛋白通道”。
8. Homeostasis: Blood Glucose & Osmoregulation | 稳态：血糖与渗透调节
Negative feedback: A change triggers a corrective response that returns the system to the set point. Mnemonic: ‘Negate the change, feed back to normal’.
负反馈：变化引发纠正性反应，使系统回到设定值。记忆法：“否定变化，反馈归常”。
Insulin: Released from β-cells in the islets of Langerhans when blood glucose rises; promotes glycogenesis and cellular uptake. Mnemonic: ‘INsulin = sugar IN cells’.
胰岛素：血糖升高时由胰岛 β 细胞分泌，促进糖原生成和细胞摄取。记忆法：“IN-sulin 把糖送进（IN）细胞”。
Glucagon: Released from α-cells when blood glucose falls; stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Mnemonic: ‘Gluca-GONE = glucose gone, so bring it back’.
胰高血糖素：血糖下降时由 α 细胞分泌，刺激糖原分解和糖异生。记忆法：“Gluca-gone，糖没了，快补回来”。
ADH (antidiuretic hormone): Released from posterior pituitary when blood is too concentrated; increases aquaporin insertion in collecting duct. Mnemonic: ‘ADH Always Dehydrated? Hold water!’.
ADH（抗利尿激素）：血液过浓时从垂体后叶释放，增加集合管水通道蛋白的嵌入。记忆法：“ADH——总脱水？拉住水！”。
9. Inheritance & Hardy-Weinberg Principle | 遗传与哈代-温伯格原理
Allele frequency: The relative proportion of an allele in a population’s gene pool. Mnemonic: ‘Allele = Alternative form, frequency = fraction’.
等位基因频率：群体基因库中某等位基因的相对比例。记忆法：“等位就是替代形式，频率就是分数”。
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: p + q = 1, p² + 2pq + q² = 1. Conditions: large population, random mating, no mutation, no selection, no migration. Mnemonic: ‘Happy Women Principle: p² (dominant homozygous), 2pq (heterozygous), q² (recessive homozygous)’.
哈代-温伯格平衡：p + q = 1, p² + 2pq + q² = 1。条件：大群体、随机交配、无突变、无选择、无迁移。记忆法：“快乐女性原则：p² 显性纯合，2pq 杂合，q² 隐性纯合”。
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
10. Populations, Succession & Conservation | 种群、演替与保护
Carrying capacity: The maximum sustainable population size an environment can support. Mnemonic: ‘Carrying Capacity = Can’t Carry more’.
环境容纳量：环境能持续支撑的最大种群规模。记忆法：“容纳量 = 装不下了”。
Primary succession: Colonisation of bare rock by pioneer species (e.g., lichens), leading to soil formation and eventually a climax
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