📚 Year 13 CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | A2工程词汇术语速记指南
Mastering technical terms is a vital part of Year 13 CAIE Engineering. This guide groups key terms by topic, explains them concisely, and shares memory shortcuts using root words, analogies, and visual associations. Use these techniques to lock in definitions, apply correct vocabulary in exams, and link concepts across the syllabus.
掌握技术术语是Year 13 CAIE工程的重要一环。本指南按主题将关键术语分类，用词根、类比和联想等方法提供速记技巧，帮助你在考试中准确使用专业词汇，并建立跨章节的知识联结。
1. Materials Properties Essentials | 材料性能要点
Tensile strength measures the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. Think of ‘tensile’ linked to ‘tension’ – pulling a material apart. It is calculated as maximum force divided by original cross-sectional area.
抗拉强度衡量材料在被拉断前能承受的最大应力。可以将‘tensile’联想为‘tension（拉力）’——把材料拉开。计算公式为最大力除以原始横截面积。
Hardness is a material’s resistance to indentation, scratching, or abrasion. Visualise trying to scratch glass with a steel nail – glass has higher hardness. Diamond is the benchmark for extreme hardness.
硬度是材料抵抗压痕、划伤或磨损的能力。想象用钢钉划玻璃，玻璃硬度更高所以不被划伤。金刚石是极高硬度的标杆。
Ductility describes how easily a material can be drawn into a wire. Copper is highly ductile. Remember ‘duct’ as in a conduit or pipe – you are pulling the material through a die to create a continuous wire.
延展性描述材料被拉成细丝的难易程度，铜的延展性很好。可联想‘duct（管道）’，仿佛将材料通过模具拉伸成连续的丝线。
Toughness refers to a material’s ability to absorb energy before fracturing – not the same as strength. A tough material resists crack propagation. Think ‘tough to break’ – it yields and absorbs energy rather than snapping suddenly.
韧性指材料断裂前吸收能量的能力，与强度不同。韧性材料不易发生裂纹扩展。联想为‘tough to break（不容易断裂）’——它先屈服吸收能量而非突然折断。
2. Stress and Strain Terminology | 应力与应变术语
Stress (σ) is the internal force per unit area within a material. Direct stress = F / A. Mnemonic: ‘Stress pushes from inside.’ The symbol σ is Greek sigma, which looks like an ‘s’ for stress.
应力 (σ) 是材料内部单位面积上的内力。正应力 = F / A。记忆窍门：‘应力从内部施压’。符号σ像旋转的‘s’，与stress首字母呼应。
σ = F / A
Strain (ε) is the extension per unit original length, a dimensionless ratio. Strain = ΔL / L₀. Think ‘strain is the change’ – when you strain a muscle, it stretches. Epsilon ε suggests elongation.
应变 (ε) 是单位原长的伸长量，无量纲比值。应变 = ΔL / L₀。可以联想‘应变就是变形’——拉伸肌肉时就在发生应变。符号ε形似拉长的绳圈。
ε = ΔL / L₀
Young’s modulus (E) is a measure of stiffness: stress / strain within the elastic limit. A high E means the material is rigid. Remember ‘E lastic’ – E tells you how much it stretches elastically.
弹性模量 (E) 是刚度的量度：在弹性限度内应力与应变之比。E值大表示材料刚硬。记忆法：‘E’像‘Elastic（弹性的）’的首字母，表示弹性范围拉伸的难易。
E = σ / ε
Elastic limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand and still return to its original shape. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs. Think of a spring – once stretched too far, it won’t fully recoil.
弹性极限 是材料能承受且撤力后完全恢复原状的最大应力。超过该点就发生永久变形。想象一根弹簧：若拉得过长，就无法完全回缩了。
3. Thermodynamics Key Terms | 热力学关键术语
Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin. Q = m c Δθ. Think ‘capacity to store heat’ – c is the substance’s thermal reservoir ability.
比热容 (c) 是使1 kg物质温度升高1 K所需的能量。Q = m c Δθ。联想‘热储存容量’——c代表了物质储存热能的潜力。
Q = m c Δθ
Latent heat (L) is the heat absorbed or released during a phase change without a temperature change. Q = m L. ‘Latent’ means hidden – the energy is working to change state, not temperature.
潜热 (L) 是在没有温度变化的情况下，相变过程中吸收或释放的热量。Q = m L。‘Latent（隐藏的）’表示能量用于改变状态，温度计上看不见。
Q = m L
Thermal conductivity (k) quantifies a material’s ability to conduct heat. High k metals feel cold to touch because they conduct heat away quickly. Mnemonic: ‘k onducts’ – the letter k leads the mind to conduction.
热导率 (k) 表征材料传导热量的能力。高k金属摸起来冷，因为它们迅速导走手部热量。记忆法：k与‘conduct’谐音，联想到传导。
Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The Second Law states total entropy always increases in an isolated system. Think ‘messy room’ – left alone, things get more disordered.
熵 (S) 是系统无序度的量度。热力学第二定律指出孤立系统总熵永不减少。可以联想‘凌乱的房间’——不加干预就会越来越乱。
4. Manufacturing and Processing | 制造与加工工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. Remember ‘cast’ like casting a statue – the shape comes from the mould. Sand casting and die casting are common variants.
铸造 是把熔融金属浇入模具并冷却凝固。联想‘铸像’——形状由模具决定。常见有砂型铸造和压力铸造。
Forging shapes metal using compressive forces, often with a hammer or press. The grain structure becomes aligned, increasing strength. Think ‘forge’ like a blacksmith hammering iron.
锻造 用锤击或压力对金属施压成形，晶粒组织定向排列，强度提升。想象铁匠锤击铁块——那就是锻造。
Machining removes material using a cutting tool to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. Turning, milling, and drilling are machining operations. Ex-cess material becomes chips.
机加工 通过切削工具去除材料以获得所需尺寸和表面质量。车削、铣削、钻削均属机加工，多余材料变成切屑。
Welding joins metals by melting the interfaces, often with a filler material. Fusion welding and resistance welding are key types. Memory: ‘weld’ sounds like ‘well joined’ – two parts become one strong unit.
焊接 通过熔化界面使金属连接，常加入填充材料。熔焊和电阻焊是主要类型。记忆：‘weld’音似‘well joined’——两件焊成一体。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) automates machine tools via programmed commands. G-code controls tool movements precisely. Think ‘computer-driven precise sculpture’.
CNC（计算机数控） 通过编程指令自动控制机床。G代码精确控制刀具移动。可联想为‘计算机驱动的精密雕刻’。
5. Electronics and Electrical Concepts | 电子与电气概念
Ohm’s Law relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R): V = I R. Use the triangle method: cover V, you get I times R. Mnemonic: ‘Very Important Rule’ – V equals I times R.
欧姆定律 关联电压(V)、电流(I)和电阻(R)：V = I R。用三角形法：遮住V得I乘R。记成‘Very Important Rule’。
V = I R
Resistance (R) opposes current flow. Higher R means less current for the same voltage. Resistors are colour-coded components. Remember ‘resistance restricts’.
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动。电压相同时，R越大电流越小。电阻器以色环编码。记作‘resistance restricts（电阻限制）’。
Capacitance (C) stores electrical charge. A capacitor consists of two plates separated by a dielectric. Q = C V. Think of a bucket storing water – capacitance is the bucket size.
电容 (C) 可储存电荷。电容器由两片被介质隔开的极板构成。Q = C V。想象水桶储水，电容就是桶的大小。
Diode allows current to flow in only one direction – forward bias conducts, reverse bias blocks. Think of it as an electrical one-way valve. Zener diodes work in reverse breakdown for regulation.
二极管 只允许电流单向导通：正向偏置导通，反向偏置阻断。可看作电子单向阀。齐纳二极管利用反向击穿实现稳压。
Transistor is a semiconductor device used for amplification and switching. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT) have three terminals: base, collector, emitter. A small base current controls a larger collector current.
晶体管 是一种半导体器件，用于放大和开关。双极结型晶体管 (BJT) 有三个极：基极、集电极、发射极。小基极电流控制大集电极电流。
6. Mechanics and Machine Elements | 力学与机械零件
Torque (T) is the turning effect of a force: T = F × d, where d is the perpendicular distance from the pivot. Units are N·m. ‘Torque twists’ – think of a wrench turning a bolt.
扭矩 (T) 是力产生的转动效应：T = F × d，d为力到转动轴的垂直距离，单位N·m。联想‘扳手拧螺栓’——那就是施加扭矩。
T = F × d
Power (P) in a rotating shaft is related to torque and angular velocity: P = T ω. ω in rad/s. Remember ‘power turns’ – the faster you rotate against torque, the greater the power.
功率 (P) 在转轴中与扭矩和角速度的关系为：P = T ω，ω以rad/s计。可记‘动力转动’——在扭矩下转得越快功率越大。
P = T ω
Mechanical advantage (MA) is the ratio of output force to input force in a mechanism. Lever, pulley, and gear systems provide MA. MA > 1 means force amplification.
机械效益 (MA) 是机构输出力与输入力之比。杠杆、滑轮和齿轮系都可提供MA。MA > 1 表示力被放大。
Gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth on driven gear to driver gear. Speed ratio is inversely related. A small gear driving a large gear increases torque, reduces speed.
齿轮比 是从动轮齿数与主动轮齿数之比。速比与其成反比。小齿轮带动大齿轮可增大扭矩、降低转速。
7. Fluid Power and Control | 流体动力与控制
Pascal’s principle states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions. Hydraulic presses use p = F / A to magnify force. A small force on a small piston creates a large force on a larger piston if they share the same pressure.
帕斯卡原理 指出，对封闭流体施加的压力会大小不变地向各个方向传递。液压机利用p = F / A放大力量。小活塞上的小力通过相同压力在大活塞上产生大力。
p = F / A
Bernoulli’s principle expresses energy conservation along a streamline: p + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant. When fluid speed increases, pressure drops – this is why aircraft wings generate lift. Remember ‘faster flow, lower pressure’.
伯努利原理 表达沿流线的能量守恒：p + ½ρv² + ρgh = 常数。流速增大时压强降低——这就是飞机机翼升力的原理。记作‘流速快，压强低’。
p + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant
Flow rate (Q) is the volume of fluid passing per unit time, Q = A v, where A is cross-sectional area and v is flow velocity. Continuity equation for incompressible flow: A₁ v₁ = A₂ v₂.
流量 (Q) 是单位时间通过某截面的流体体积，Q = A v，A为横截面积，v为流速。不可压缩流体的连续性方程：A₁ v₁ = A₂ v₂。
Q = A v
Pneumatics uses compressed gas (typically air) to transmit power. Components include valves, cylinders, and FRL units (filter, regulator, lubricator). Recall ‘pneu’ means breath or air – pneumatics is air power.
气动 利用压缩气体（通常是空气）传递动力。元件包括阀、气缸和FRL单元（过滤器、减压阀、油雾器）。‘pneu’意为气息——气动即空气动力。
8. Health, Safety and Quality | 健康、安全与质量
Risk assessment is a systematic process: identify hazards, decide who might be harmed, evaluate risks, record findings, and review regularly. Five steps remind you to ‘IDERR’ – Identify, Decide, Evaluate, Record, Review.
风险评估 是系统化过程：识别危害、判断受影响人群、评价风险、记录结果、定期复审。五步缩写‘IDERR’帮你记忆：识别、判断、评价、记录、复审。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) includes safety goggles, gloves, steel-toe boots, and ear defenders. Employers must provide PPE free of charge. Think ‘Protect Person Every time’.
PPE（个人防护装备） 包括安全护目镜、手套、钢头鞋、耳罩等。雇主必须免费提供PPE。联想为‘Protect Person Every time（时刻保护人身）’。
Tolerance in manufacturing is the permissible limit of variation in a dimension. A shaft designed as 20 ±0.05 mm must lie between 19.95 and 20.05 mm. Tighter tolerance means higher precision and cost.
公差 是制造中允许的尺寸变动量。设计尺寸20 ±0.05 mm的轴必须在19.95至20.05 mm之间。公差越小精度越高，成本也越高。
Six Sigma is a quality management methodology aiming to reduce defects to 3.4 per million opportunities. DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control) is its core framework. Think ‘6σ’ as virtually zero defects.
六西格玛 是一种质量管理方法，目标将缺陷率降至百万分之3.4。DMAIC（定义、测量、分析、改进、控制）是其核心框架。把‘6σ’视为接近零缺陷的标尺。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply