📚 Year 13 CIE German: Quick Reference Grammar Handbook | CIE 德语:语法公式速查手册
This bilingual guide summarises the essential ‘grammar formulas’ required for the CIE A-Level German examination (Year 13). It covers key rules of word order, cases, tenses, passive voice, subjunctive mood, and advanced structures, providing concise English explanations alongside Chinese translations. Use this handbook to quickly revise patterns and principles that underpin accurate written and spoken German at an advanced level.
本双语速查手册汇总了 CIE 德语 A-Level(Year 13)考试所需的核心“语法公式”。内容涵盖词序、格、时态、被动语态、虚拟式及高级句型结构,以英文解释搭配中文翻译的形式呈现,帮助快速回顾支撑准确书面与口头表达的关键规律。
1. Verb Position Rules | 动词位置规则
In German main clauses, the finite verb is always the second idea (not necessarily the second word). If the sentence starts with a subject, an adverbial, or a subordinate clause, the verb remains in second position, and the subject moves after it. This is called the V2 rule.
在德语主句中,限定动词始终是第二个成分(不一定是第二个单词)。如果句子以主语、状语或从句开头,动词依然保持在第二位,主语后移。这就是 V2 规则。
In subordinate clauses, the finite verb moves to the end of the clause. Subordinating conjunctions such as weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, damit trigger this verb-final structure. Additionally, relative clauses also place the conjugated verb at the end.
在从句中,限定动词移到从句末尾。从属连词如 weil、dass、obwohl、wenn、damit 触发动词置末的结构。同样,关系从句也将变位动词放在最后。
In questions without a question word (yes/no questions), the finite verb takes the first position. In questions with a question word (w-questions), the question word occupies the first position, followed by the finite verb.
在没有疑问词的问句(一般疑问句)中,限定动词位于句首。在有疑问词的问句(特殊疑问句)中,疑问词占据首位,随后是限定动词。
The formula: Main clause = Topic + Finite Verb + Subject + …; Subordinate clause = Conjunction + Subject + … + Finite Verb.
公式:主句 = 主题 + 限定动词 + 主语 + ……;从句 = 连词 + 主语 + …… + 限定动词。
2. Case System and Declensions | 格与变格体系
German has four cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), and genitive (possession). Articles, adjectives, and some nouns change their forms according to case and gender.
德语有四个格:第一格(主语)、第四格(直接宾语)、第三格(间接宾语)和第二格(属格)。冠词、形容词和部分名词根据格和性进行变格。
Definite article table (formula): der (Nom. Masc.), die (Nom. Fem./Pl.), das (Nom. Neut.); den (Acc. Masc.), die (Acc. Fem./Pl.), das (Acc. Neut.); dem (Dat. Masc./Neut.), der (Dat. Fem.), den (Dat. Pl.); des (Gen. Masc./Neut.), der (Gen. Fem./Pl.).
定冠词表(公式):der(第一格 阳),die(第一格 阴/复),das(第一格 中);den(第四格 阳),die(第四格 阴/复),das(第四格 中);dem(第三格 阳/中),der(第三格 阴),den(第三格 复);des(第二格 阳/中),der(第二格 阴/复)。
After certain prepositions, a fixed case is required. Accusative prepositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlang (usually). Dative prepositions: aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenüber. Two-way prepositions (Wechselpräpositionen) an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen take accusative for motion (wohin) and dative for location (wo).
某些介词要求固定的格。支配第四格的介词:durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlang(通常如此)。支配第三格的介词:aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenüber。可支配第三格/第四格的介词(交换介词)an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen 在表示方向(wohin)时用第四格,表示位置(wo)时用第三格。
3. Adjective Endings | 形容词词尾
Adjective endings depend on the article that precedes them: strong endings (no article or after etwas, viel), weak endings (after definite article), and mixed endings (after indefinite article or possessive determiners). The basic principle: the ending must show case and gender if the article does not.
形容词词尾取决于其前的冠词:强变化(无冠词或置于etwas, viel等后)、弱变化(定冠词后)和混合变化(不定冠词或物主限定词后)。基本原则:如果冠词没有明确显示格和性,形容词词尾必须体现。
Strong endings: -er (Masc. Nom.), -e (Fem. Nom./Acc.), -es (Neut. Nom./Acc.), -en (Pl. Dat.), -em (Masc./Neut. Dat.), -er (Fem. Gen./Dat.), etc. Weak endings: after der/die/das, adjective always ends in -e (Nom. Sg.) or -en (all other cases and plural).
强变化词尾:-er(阳性第一格),-e(阴性第一/四格),-es(中性第一/四格),-en(复数第三格),-em(阳/中第三格),-er(阴性第二/三格)等。弱变化词尾:定冠词后,形容词词尾在单数第一格为 -e,其他所有格和所有复数均为 -en。
Mixed: after mein, dein, kein etc., Nom. Sg. masc. -er, neut. -es, fem. -e; all other cases -en. This hybrid ensures clarity where the determiner alone is ambiguous.
混合变化:在 mein, dein, kein 等后,单数第一格阳性 -er,中性 -es,阴性 -e;其他所有格均为 -en。这种折中在限定词自身不明确时保证了格性识别。
4. Tenses: Formation and Usage | 时态:构成与用法
German has six tenses. Present tense is formed from the stem + personal endings. Perfect tense (spoken past) uses haben/sein + past participle. Past participle formation: ge- + stem + -t for regular verbs; irregular verbs often change stem vowel and add -en, with or without ge-.
德语有六种时态。现在时由词干加人称词尾构成。完成时(口语过去时)使用 haben/sein 加第二分词。第二分词构成:规则动词 ge- + 词干 + -t;不规则动词常改变词干元音并加 -en,有时带 ge- 与否取决于前缀。
Imperfect / Simple Past is used mainly in written narratives for auxiliary, modal, and common strong verbs. Pluperfect: hatte/war + past participle, expressing anteriority. Future I: werden + infinitive. Future II: werden + past participle + haben/sein (double infinitive).
过去时(简单过去时)主要在书面叙事中用于助动词、情态动词和常用强变化动词。过去完成时:hatte/war + 第二分词,表示先时性。将来时 I:werden + 不定式。将来时 II:werden + 第二分词 + haben/sein(双不定式结构)。
Key formula: Perfect = auxiliary (haben/sein, present) + past participle (Partizip II). Past = irregular stem + personal endings (ich/er/sie form often ends in -, no ending for first/third person singular strong).
关键公式:完成时 = 助动词(haben/sein 现在时)+ 第二分词。过去时 = 不规则词干 + 人称词尾(ich/er/sie 形式通常无词尾,强变化第一/三人称单数不加词尾)。
5. Modal Verbs and Double Infinitive | 情态动词与双不定式
Modal verbs (können, müssen, wollen, sollen, dürfen, mögen/möchten) modify the main verb, which stands as a bare infinitive at the end of the clause. In present and simple past, the modal is conjugated, main verb infinitive final.
情态动词(können, müssen, wollen, sollen, dürfen, mögen/möchten)修饰主要动词,主要动词以原形出现在句末。在现在时和简单过去时中,情态动词变位,主要动词不定式置于句末。
In the perfect tense, modal verbs form the double infinitive construction: haben + infinitive main verb + infinitive modal (instead of a past participle). The finite auxiliary haben is in V2 position, with two infinitives at the end, the modal last.
在完成时中,情态动词构成双不定式结构:haben + 主要动词不定式 + 情态动词不定式(而非第二分词)。变位助动词 haben 位于 V2 位置,两个不定式在句末,情态动词在最后。
Example: Ich habe das machen müssen. (I had to do that.) This applies also when a modal is used with another verb in perfect. The formula: haben … (infinitive main) (infinitive modal).
例:Ich habe das machen müssen.(我不得不做那件事。)同样,当其他动词与情态动词连用构成完成时也适用。公式:haben …(主要动词不定式)(情态动词不定式)。
6. Passive Voice (Vorgangspassiv and Zustandspassiv) | 被动语态(过程被动与状态被动)
Vorgangspassiv (processual passive): werden + past participle. The agent, if mentioned, uses von (+ dative). The tense is marked on werden. Present passive: wird + Partizip II; past: wurde + Partizip II; perfect: ist + Partizip II + worden (note worden, not geworden); future: wird + Partizip II + werden.
过程被动:werden + 第二分词。动作发出者若出现,使用 von(加第三格)。时态体现在 werden 上。现在时被动:wird + 第二分词;过去时被动:wurde + 第二分词;完成时被动:ist + 第二分词 + worden(注意用 worden 而非 geworden);将来时被动:wird + 第二分词 + werden。
Zustandspassiv (statal passive) describes a resultant state: sein + Partizip II. It is often found with accomplishments. Present: ist geöffnet; past: war geöffnet; perfect: ist geöffnet gewesen, etc.
状态被动描述动作完成后留下的状态:sein + 第二分词。常与完结性动词搭配。现在时:ist geöffnet;过去时:war geöffnet;完成时:ist geöffnet gewesen 等。
Passive with modal verbs: modal verb + Partizip II + werden (infinitive) in main clauses; in perfect: haben + Partizip II + werden (infinitive) + modal (infinitive) possibly reshaping to double infinitive. Standard formula: Das muss gemacht werden. (It must be done.)
有情态动词的被动:主句中情态动词 + 第二分词 + werden(不定式);完成时中:haben + 第二分词 + werden(不定式)+ 情态动词(不定式)可能演变为双不定式。标准公式:Das muss gemacht werden.(必须做这件事。)
7. Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II): Conditional and Reported Speech | 第二虚拟式:条件与间接引语
Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II) is used for unreal conditions, wishes, polite requests, and sometimes reported speech. It is based on the simple past stem of verbs. For regular and many irregular verbs, würde + infinitive is often used as an alternative to avoid ambiguity with the indicative past.
第二虚拟式用于非现实条件、愿望、礼貌请求,有时也用于间接引语。它基于动词的过去时词干。对于规则变化和许多不规则动词,通常用 würde + 不定式来替代,以避免与过去直陈式混淆。
Strong/irregular verbs often have umlaut changes: kam → käme, ging → ginge, hatte → hätte, war → wäre, wurde → würde. The auxiliaries hätte, wäre, würde can combine with infinitives to express conditional perfect etc.
强变化/不规则动词常发生变音:kam → käme,ging → ginge,hatte → hätte,war → wäre,wurde → würde。助动词 hätte, wäre, würde 可与不定式组合表示条件完成时等。
Conditional sentences: wenn clause (Subjunctive II) + main clause (Subjunctive II). Usually either both with würden/Umlaut forms or past subjunctive. Formula: Wenn ich reich wäre, würde ich reisen. (If I were rich, I would travel.)
条件句:wenn 从句(第二虚拟式)+ 主句(第二虚拟式)。通常双方都用 würde 形式/变音形式或过去虚拟式。公式:Wenn ich reich wäre, würde ich reisen.(如果我有钱,我会旅行。)
In reported speech, Subjunctive I (Konjunktiv I) is standard, but Subjunctive II is used when Subjunctive I is identical to indicative, conveying indirectness and distancing. Year 13 exam often expects recognition of both.
在间接引语中,第一虚拟式是标准,但当第一虚拟式与直陈式同形时,则使用第二虚拟式来表达间接性。Year 13 考试常要求能识别两者。
8. Subjunctive I (Konjunktiv I) and Indirect Speech | 第一虚拟式与间接引语
Konjunktiv I is formed from the infinitive stem: stem + -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en. It is used almost exclusively in written reported speech (e.g., news, formal writing) to attribute statements without claiming them as one’s own.
第一虚拟式由不定式词干构成:词干 + -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en。几乎只用于书面间接引语(如新闻、正式写作),表明转述他人的话而不将其作为自己的主张。
The introductory verb (sagen, meinen, erklären) is in the indicative, and the reported clause uses Konjunktiv I, with no dass needed if using verb-second. The conjunction dass may be used, and the Konjunktiv I verb goes to the end. Formula: Er sagte, er habe keine Zeit. / Er sagte, dass er keine Zeit habe. (He said he had no time.)
引导动词(sagen, meinen, erklären)用直陈式,转述从句用第一虚拟式。若用 V2 语序可不用 dass。连词 dass 出现时,第一虚拟式动词移至句尾。公式:Er sagte, er habe keine Zeit. 或 Er sagte, dass er keine Zeit habe.(他说他没时间。)
When Konjunktiv I is identical to present indicative, it must be replaced by Konjunktiv II forms to maintain the subjunctive marking, or paraphrased simply. For instance, sie haben (they have) is the same as indicative, so sie hätten is used instead.
当第一虚拟式与现在时直陈式相同时,必须用第二虚拟式替换以保持虚拟标记,或换做其他表达。例如 sie haben 与直陈式相同,所以改用 sie hätten。
9. Infinitive Clauses (zu + Infinitive) | 不定式从句(带 zu 不定式)
Infinitive clauses with zu are used after certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns, as well as in constructions like um … zu, ohne … zu, (an)statt … zu. The zu infinitive is placed at the end of the infinitive clause, and zu precedes the infinitive (if separable, zu is inserted between prefix and stem).
带 zu 的不定式从句用于某些动词、形容词和名词之后,以及 um … zu, ohne … zu, (an)statt … zu 等结构中。zu 不定式置于从句末尾,zu 放在不定式之前(若是可分动词,zu 插入在可分前缀和词干之间)。
The infinitive clause usually does not have a subject; its implied subject is the same as the main clause’s subject or object. Commas are used to separate these clauses. Formula: Es ist wichtig, pünktlich zu kommen. (It’s important to come on time.)
不定式从句通常没有主语,其隐含主语与主句的主语或宾语一致。这些从句用逗号分隔。公式:Es ist wichtig, pünktlich zu kommen.(准时来很重要。)
After verbs like versuchen, anfangen, aufhören, helfen, glauben, hoffen, the zu infinitive is standard. A special case is the “lassen” construction, which follows a double infinitive pattern similar to modals.
在动词 versuchen, anfangen, aufhören, helfen, glauben, hoffen 等后,带 zu 不定式是标准用法。特殊情形有“lassen”结构,遵循类似情态动词的双不定式模式。
10. Relative Clauses | 关系从句
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (der, die, das; welcher, welche, welches). The relative pronoun agrees in gender and number with the antecedent, but its case depends on its function within the relative clause. The finite verb goes to the end.
关系从句由关系代词(der, die, das;welcher, welche, welches)引导。关系代词的性和数与先行词一致,但其格取决于它在关系从句中的功能。变位动词置于从句末尾。
After prepositions, the relative pronoun takes the case required by the preposition. Wo-compounds (worüber, womit) are used when referring to things after prepositions, but careful style prefers preposition + pronoun. Was is used for indefinite antecedents (alles, nichts, etwas, das, etc.).
介词后,关系代词使用该介词要求的格。wo- 复合词(worüber, womit)用于指代事物并在介词后,但讲究的文体倾向于介词 + 关系代词。was 用于不定先行词(alles, nichts, etwas, das 等)。
Genitive relative expresses possession: dessen (masc./neut.), deren (fem./pl.). The formula: Das ist der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde. (That is the man whose car was stolen.)
第二格关系从句表示所属:dessen(阳性/中性),deren(阴性/复数)。公式:Das ist der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde.(这就是车被偷了的那位男士。)
11. Word Order Variations: Inversion and Emphasis | 词序变化:倒装与强调
Besides the V2 rule, adverbs and objects can be fronted for emphasis. If an adverbial phrase with past participle or zu infinitive is placed in first position, the finite verb follows. An element moved to the front (topic) pushes the subject behind the verb.
除 V2 规则外,可将状语和宾语前移以表强调。如果带第二分词或 zu 不定式的状语短语放在首位,限定动词紧随其后。被移到首位(主题)的成分使主语后移至动词之后。
Time-manner-place order is the default for adverbials in the middle field, but this can change for emphasis. The formula for a typical main-clause: Topic + Finite Verb + Subject + Dative Object + Accusative Object + (Time) + (Manner) + (Place) + … + non-finite verb forms.
中位状语的默认顺序为时间-方式-地点,但为强调可改变。典型主句公式:主题 + 有限动词 + 主语 + 第三格宾语 + 第四格宾语 +(时间)+(方式)+(地点)+ …… + 非限定动词形式。
When both accusative and dative objects are nouns, the dative usually precedes the accusative. If the accusative is a pronoun, it precedes the dative pronoun. If both are pronouns, accusative precedes dative.
当第三格和第四格宾语都是名词时,第三格通常在第四格之前。如果第四格宾语是代词,则置于第三格代词之前。若两者均为代词,第四格在第三格之前。
12. Advanced Conjunctions and Linking | 高级连词与连接
Coordinating conjunctions (und, aber, oder, denn, sondern) do not affect word order; they link two main clauses and are preceded by a comma in formal writing. Sondern is used after negation to express contrast (not A but B).
并列连词(und, aber, oder, denn, sondern)不影响语序;它们连接两个主句,在正式书写中其前用逗号。sondern 用于否定后的对比(不是 A 而是 B)。
Subordinating conjunctions push the verb to the end. Common ones: obwohl (although), während (while), bevor (before), nachdem (after), sobald (as soon as), solange (as long as), indem (by doing), so dass (so that), je … desto/umso (the more … the more).
从属连词将动词推到末尾。常见的有:obwohl(尽管),während(在…期间/而),bevor(在…之前),nachdem(在…之后),sobald(一…就),solange(只要),indem(通过…方式),so dass(以便/所以),je … desto/umso(越…越…)。
Nachdem requires strict tense sequencing: nachdem + past perfect (or present perfect) + main clause in simple past (or present). The implied anteriority is crucial. Formula: Nachdem wir gegessen hatten, gingen wir spazieren. (After we had eaten, we went for a walk.)
nachdem 要求严格的时态先后顺序:nachdem + 过去完成时(或现在完成时)+ 主句用简单过去时(或现在时)。内在的先时性很关键。公式:Nachdem wir gegessen hatten, gingen wir spazieren.(我们吃过饭之后去散步了。)
Mastering these linking mechanisms enables complex, coherent arguments in essays, a skill highly valued in the CIE Year 13 examination.
掌握这些连接机制能写出复杂连贯的议论文,这正是 CIE Year 13 考试极为看重的技能。
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