Year 13 Edexcel PE Glossary Quick Revision Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 Edexcel PE Glossary Quick Revision Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the specialist vocabulary is one of the fastest ways to boost your marks in the Year 13 Edexcel Physical Education exam. This guide breaks down high‑frequency terms across every topic area – from energy systems to sport psychology – into bite‑sized, bilingual explanations that are easy to memorise and apply. Whether you are drilling definitions, linking concepts to sporting examples, or preparing for extended‑answer questions, a secure command of terminology will help you write with precision and confidence.

掌握专业术语是提高 Year 13 Edexcel 体育考试成绩的最快捷径。本指南将每个主题领域中高频出现的术语——从能量系统到运动心理学——拆解为易于记忆和应用的双语小片段。无论你是在背诵定义、将概念与运动实例联系起来，还是为扩展题作准备，扎实的术语基础都能让你答题精准而自信。

1. Musculoskeletal System Essentials | 肌肉骨骼系统核心术语

The musculoskeletal system forms the mechanical foundation of all movement. In Year 13 you need to know not just bone names, but also joint actions, muscle contraction types, and the function of connective tissues. Understanding terms like ‘antagonistic pair’ and ‘sliding filament theory’ allows you to explain how force is produced and transmitted during sport.

肌肉骨骼系统是所有运动的力学基础。在 Year 13 阶段，你不仅要记住骨骼名称，还要掌握关节动作、肌肉收缩类型和结缔组织的功能。理解“拮抗肌对”和“肌丝滑动学说”等术语，能让你解释运动过程中力是如何产生和传递的。

Agonist / Prime mover – the muscle directly responsible for producing a specific movement. For example, the quadriceps during knee extension in a football kick. | 主动肌/原动肌 – 直接负责产生特定动作的肌肉。例如，足球踢球时膝关节伸展过程中的股四头肌。

Antagonistic pair – two muscles that work together to create coordinated movement; one contracts while the other relaxes (e.g. biceps and triceps in elbow flexion/extension). | 拮抗肌对 – 协同工作以产生协调运动的两块肌肉；一块收缩时另一块放松（如肘关节屈伸中的肱二头肌和肱三头肌）。

Isometric contraction – muscle tension develops but there is no visible change in muscle length, such as holding a plank position. | 等长收缩 – 肌肉张力增加但肌肉长度无明显变化，例如平板支撑。

Sliding filament theory – the process by which myosin heads pull actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere and generating force. Requires calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and ATP. | 肌丝滑动学说 – 肌球蛋白头牵引肌动蛋白丝向内滑动，使肌节缩短并产生力的过程。需要钙离子和 ATP。

2. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terminology | 心血管与呼吸系统术语

A thorough grasp of heart function, blood flow and gas exchange is essential for analysing exercise physiology. You will be expected to interpret data such as heart rate, stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference, and to explain how these variables adapt to training. Respiratory terms like minute ventilation and tidal volume are equally exam-critical.

透彻理解心脏功能、血流和气体交换对分析运动生理学至关重要。你需要会解读心率、每搏输出量和动静脉氧差等数据，并解释这些变量如何适应训练。每分通气量和潮气量等呼吸术语同样在考试中十分重要。

Stroke volume (SV) – the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Endurance training increases SV at rest and during exercise. | 每搏输出量 (SV) – 左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。耐力训练可提高安静时和运动时的 SV。

Cardiac output (Q̇) – the total volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute, calculated as heart rate × stroke volume. | 心输出量 (Q̇) – 心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量，计算公式为心率 × 每搏输出量。

Venous return – the return of blood to the right atrium; enhanced by the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump and valves. | 静脉回流 – 血液回流至右心房的过程；骨骼肌泵、呼吸泵和静脉瓣均可促进回流。

Minute ventilation (V̇E) – volume of air breathed in or out per minute, equal to tidal volume × breathing frequency. | 每分通气量 (V̇E) – 每分钟吸入或呼出的气体量，等于潮气量 × 呼吸频率。

Arteriovenous oxygen difference (a‑vO₂ diff) – the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood, reflecting how much oxygen is extracted by the muscles. | 动静脉氧差 (a‑vO₂ diff) – 动脉血与静脉血含氧量的差值，反映肌肉摄氧量的大小。

3. Energy Systems & Recovery Vocabulary | 能量系统与恢复术语

Energy system terminology is a favourite in Edexcel exams. You must be able to describe the ATP‑PC, glycolytic and aerobic systems, citing their fuel sources, duration, intensity and by‑products. Recognising the interplay between systems during team games or endurance events will strengthen your long‑answer responses.

能量系统术语是 Edexcel 考试的热点。你必须能描述 ATP‑PC 系统、糖酵解系统和有氧系统，说明它们的燃料来源、持续时间、强度和副产物。认识到团队运动或耐力项目中各系统之间的相互作用，能让你的长答案更加出色。

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the immediate energy currency for muscular contraction; stored in small amounts and must be continually resynthesised. | 三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) – 肌肉收缩的直接能量货币；体内储量极少，必须不断再合成。

Phosphocreatine (PCr) system – high‑power, short‑duration (up to approx. 10 seconds) energy production without oxygen, e.g. 100 m sprint. | 磷酸肌酸 (PCr) 系统 – 不需氧气、高功率、短时间（约 10 秒以内）的供能过程，例如 100 米冲刺。

Anaerobic glycolytic system – breaks down glucose without oxygen to produce ATP for up to approximately 90 seconds; lactic acid is a by‑product. | 无氧糖酵解系统 – 在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖产生 ATP，可持续约 90 秒；副产物为乳酸。

Excess post‑exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) – elevated oxygen intake after exercise, needed to restore PCr stores, remove lactate, and return body systems to resting levels. | 运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC) – 运动后摄氧量持续升高的现象，用于补充 PCr、清除乳酸并使各系统恢复安静水平。

Lactate threshold – the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood faster than it can be removed, often called OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation). | 乳酸阈 – 血乳酸开始净积累的运动强度，常被称为 OBLA（血乳酸堆积起点）。

4. Training Methods & Principles | 训练方法与原则术语

Training terminology appears in both short‑answer and synoptic questions. Being able to define periodisation, plyometrics or HIIT, and to justify why a method is appropriate for a specific athlete, demonstrates high‑level understanding. Link each term to the principles of overload (FITT) and the concepts of reversibility and specificity.

训练术语既出现在简答题中，也出现在综合题里。能够定义周期化、增强式训练或高强度间歇训练，并说明某种方法为何适合某位特定运动员，能展示出高水平的理解。把每个术语与超负荷原则（FITT）以及可逆性和专项性原则联系起来。

Periodisation – systematic planning of training into macro‑, meso‑ and micro‑cycles to peak at the right time and avoid overtraining. | 周期化 – 将训练系统地规划为大周期、中周期和小周期，以便适时达到巅峰并避免过度训练。

Plyometrics – exercises involving rapid eccentric‑concentric muscle actions to increase power; stretch‑shortening cycle is key (e.g. depth jumps). | 增强式训练 – 利用快速的离心‑向心肌肉动作来提升爆发力的练习；拉伸‑缩短周期是其关键（如跳深）。

HIIT (High‑Intensity Interval Training) – repeated bouts of high‑intensity work interspersed with recovery periods; efficient for improving both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. | 高强度间歇训练 (HIIT) – 高强度运动回合与恢复期交替进行的训练；对同时改善有氧和无氧适能效率极高。

Progressive overload – gradually increasing the training stress (frequency, intensity, time or type) to force the body to adapt. | 渐进超负荷 – 逐渐增加训练负荷（频率、强度、时间或类型），强迫身体产生适应。

Reversibility – fitness gains are lost when training is stopped or reduced significantly; ‘use it or lose it’. | 可逆性 – 训练停止或大幅度减量后，体能提升会消退；“用进废退”。

5. Sports Psychology Fundamentals | 运动心理学基础术语

In Year 13 the psychology section demands precise definitions of anxiety types, motivation theories and group dynamics. Students often confuse state and trait anxiety or neglect to use the correct terminology for attributions. Mastering these terms will help you evaluate psychological strategies in the applied context of sport.

在 Year 13 的心理学部分，你需要精准定义焦虑类型、动机理论和群体动力学。学生常常混淆状态焦虑和特质焦虑，或未能在归因中使用正确术语。掌握这些术语有助于在运动应用情境中评估心理策略。

State anxiety – temporary, situational feeling of apprehension linked to a specific event, such as taking a penalty. | 状态焦虑 – 与特定事件相关的暂时性、情境性的忧虑感，例如主罚点球时。

Trait anxiety – a stable personality characteristic; individuals with high trait anxiety are generally more prone to perceive situations as threatening. | 特质焦虑 – 一种稳定的人格特征；高特质焦虑者通常更容易将情境视为威胁。

Self‑efficacy – a person’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task; influenced by past performance, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and emotional arousal. | 自我效能 – 个体对自己成功完成某一具体任务的能力信念；受过去表现、替代经验、言语说服和情绪唤醒影响。

Achievement motivation – the tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations, explained by the balance of ‘need to achieve’ (nAch) and ‘need to avoid failure’ (nAf). | 成就动机 – 接近或回避竞争情境的倾向，由“追求成功需要”(nAch) 与“避免失败需要”(nAf) 的平衡决定。

Group cohesion – the strength of bonds linking group members together, with task cohesion focusing on the goal and social cohesion on interpersonal relationships. | 群体凝聚力 – 将群体成员联系在一起的纽带强度；任务凝聚力聚焦目标，社交凝聚力聚焦人际关系。

6. Skill Acquisition & Motor Control | 运动技能习得与控制术语

When answering questions on learning theories or feedback, precise vocabulary signals a well‑prepared candidate. You need to distinguish between terms like ‘whole practice’ and ‘progressive‑part practice’, and know how to classify skills on different continua. Retrieving the right term quickly saves time in the exam.

在回答关于学习理论或反馈的问题时，准确的词汇能体现考生准备充分。你需要区分“整体练习”和“渐进分解练习”等术语，并知道如何在不同连续体上对技能进行分类。考试中迅速提取正确术语能节省时间。

Open skill – performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must adapt to external factors (e.g. a pass in a football match). | 开放性技能 – 在不可预测、不断变化的环境中执行，运动员必须适应外部因素（如足球比赛中的传球）。

Closed skill – performed in a stable, predictable environment with the performer in control of timing (e.g. a golf swing on a driving range). | 闭锁性技能 – 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行，运动员可以自行控制时机（如练习场上的高尔夫挥杆）。

Whole practice – the skill is taught in its entirety without breaking it down; best for simple, high‑organisation skills. | 整体练习 – 将技能作为一个整体进行教学而不分解；最适合简单、高组织性的技能。

Transfer of learning – the effect of learning one skill on the performance of another; can be positive, negative, proactive or retroactive. | 学习迁移 – 学习某一技能对另一技能表现的影响；可分为正迁移、负迁移、顺向迁移和逆向迁移。

Schema theory – suggests that motor programmes are adapted using four sources of information (initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences, movement outcomes). | 图式理论 – 提出运动程序根据四类信息（初始条件、反应参数、感觉后果、运动结果）进行调整。

7. Sport & Society Terminology | 体育与社会学术语

Sociological concepts are central to the Edexcel synoptic paper. Your answers should demonstrate knowledge of key terms such as ‘social stratification’, ‘commercialisation’ and ‘globalisation’, and you must be able to link these to contemporary sporting examples. Clear definitions keep your arguments focused.

社会学概念是 Edexcel 综合试卷的核心。你的答案应展示对“社会分层”、“商业化”和“全球化”等关键术语的了解，并能将它们与当代体育实例联系起来。清晰的定义能让你的论证保持集中。

Social stratification – the division of society into layers based on factors like wealth, occupation or status, influencing access to and participation in sport. | 社会分层 – 基于财富、职业或地位等因素将社会划分为不同层次，影响体育的准入和参与。

Commercialisation – the process of sports becoming products to be bought and sold, involving sponsorship, media rights and merchandising. | 商业化 – 体育运动成为可买卖产品的过程，涉及赞助、媒体权益和商品销售。

Globalisation of sport – the worldwide spread and integration of sports culture, leagues and brands via media and migration (e.g. Premier League’s international fan base). | 体育全球化 – 体育文化、联赛和品牌通过媒体和移民在全球范围传播和融合（如英超联赛的国际球迷基础）。

Social facilitation – the positive effect of an audience on performance; often explained by increased arousal enhancing dominant responses. | 社会促进 – 观众对运动表现的积极影响；常以唤醒水平提高而强化优势反应来解释。

Ethics in sport – the moral principles guiding behaviour, covering issues like fair play, doping, match‑fixing and the use of technology. | 体育伦理 – 指导行为的道德准则，涉及公平竞赛、兴奋剂、假球和科技应用等问题。

8. Sports Nutrition & Hydration | 运动营养与水分补充术语

A precise understanding of nutritional terms allows you to explain strategies for fuelling and recovery. Topics like carbohydrate loading, the role of creatine, and the importance of osmolality in hydration are frequently examined. Using the correct scientific vocabulary will lift the quality of your answers.

准确理解营养学术语能让你解释供能和恢复策略。碳水化合物加载、肌酸的作用以及渗透压在水合作用中的重要性等话题经常出现在考题中。使用正确的科学词汇将提升答案的质量。

Carbohydrate loading – a strategy involving tapering exercise alongside high carbohydrate intake to maximise muscle glycogen stores before endurance events. | 碳水化合物加载 – 赛前减少训练量并配合高碳水化合物饮食，以最大化肌肉糖原储备的策略。

Glycaemic index (GI) – ranking of carbohydrate foods based on how quickly they raise blood glucose; low GI foods provide slower release energy. | 血糖生成指数 (GI) – 根据升高血糖的速度对碳水化合物食物进行排名；低 GI 食物提供较慢释放的能量。

Ergogenic aid – any substance, device or technique that improves performance; can be pharmacological (creatine), nutritional (caffeine), mechanical or psychological. | 运动促力辅助手段 – 任何可提高运动表现的物质、装置或技术；可为药物性（肌酸）、营养性（咖啡因）、机械性或心理性。

Isotonic drink – a fluid with the same concentration of dissolved particles as body fluids, optimising absorption during exercise. | 等渗饮料 – 与体液含有同等浓度溶解颗粒的液体，可在运动中优化吸收。

Micronutrients – vitamins and minerals required in small amounts for health and performance, e.g. iron for oxygen transport, calcium for bone strength. | 微量营养素 – 保持健康和运动所需的少量维生素和矿物质，如铁负责氧气运输，钙促进骨骼强度。

9. Injury Prevention & Management | 运动损伤与预防术语

Injury‑related questions ask you to identify hazards, explain intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors, and evaluate prevention methods. Knowing the difference between acute and chronic injuries, and being able to describe the stages of soft‑tissue repair, are essential.

与损伤相关的问题要求你识别风险因素、解释内在和外在危险因素，并评估预防方法。了解急性与慢性损伤的区别，并能描述软组织修复的阶段，必不可少。

Acute injury – occurs suddenly during activity, e.g. sprained ankle, fractured wrist; often linked to a single traumatic event. | 急性损伤 – 在活动中突然发生，如踝关节扭伤、手腕骨折；常与单次创伤事件相关。

Chronic (overuse) injury – develops gradually over time due to repetitive stress, e.g. tennis elbow, shin splints. | 慢性（过劳性）损伤 – 由于反复应力逐渐发展而成，如网球肘、胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎。

RICE protocol – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation; immediate management for acute soft‑tissue injuries to reduce swelling and pain. | RICE 原则 – 休息、冰敷、加压、抬高；急性软组织损伤的即时处理方法，以减轻肿胀和疼痛。

Proprioception – the body’s ability to sense joint position and movement; impaired after injury and can be retrained through balance exercises. | 本体感觉 – 身体感知关节位置和运动的能力；损伤后受损，可通过平衡训练重建。

Warm‑up and cool‑down – structured phases to prepare the body for exercise and to aid recovery; warm‑up reduces injury risk, cool‑down helps clear waste products. | 热身与整理活动 – 为运动做准备和促进恢复的结构化阶段；热身降低受伤风险，整理活动有助于清除代谢废物。

10. Technology, Biomechanics & Data Analysis | 技术、生物力学与数据分析术语

Modern sport increasingly relies on technology; you need to be able to define and evaluate tools such as GPS tracking, force plates and motion capture. Furthermore, biomechanical principles like Newton’s laws, lever systems and projectile motion are tested through applied scenarios. Being fluent in the language of data analysis will help you interpret graphs and justify performance improvements.

现代体育日益依赖科技；你需要能定义并评估 GPS 跟踪、测力台和动作捕捉等工具。此外，牛顿定律、杠杆系统和抛体运动等生物力学原理常通过应用情景进行考查。熟练掌握数据分析语言有助于解读图表并论证运动表现的提升。

Newton’s Second Law of Motion – Force = mass × acceleration; explains how a sprinter’s starting power relates to body mass and acceleration. | 牛顿第二运动定律 – 力 = 质量 × 加速度；解释了短跑运动员的出发功率如何与体重和加速度相关。

Centre of mass (CoM) – the point at which the mass of a body or system is concentrated; affects stability and trajectory in sport. | 质心 (CoM) – 身体或系统质量集中的点；影响体育中的稳定性和运动轨迹。

GPS tracking – satellite‑based technology used to measure distances covered, speed zones and work‑rate in field sports. | GPS 追踪 – 基于卫星的技术，用于测量场上运动中移动距离、速度区域和工作效率。

VO₂ max – maximal oxygen uptake; the gold‑standard measure of aerobic endurance capacity, expressed in ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹. | 最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max) – 最大氧气摄取量；衡量有氧耐力能力金标准，单位为 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹。

Qualitative & quantitative data – qualitative data is descriptive (e.g. coach observation), while quantitative data is numerical (e.g. heart rate); both are used in performance analysis. | 定性与定量数据 – 定性数据是描述性的（如教练观察），定量数据是数值型的（如心率）；两者均用于运动表现分析。

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