Year 13 Edexcel Philosophy: Core Knowledge Review | Edexcel 哲学 Year 13：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 13 Edexcel Philosophy: Core Knowledge Review | Edexcel 哲学 Year 13：核心知识点梳理

In Year 13, Edexcel Philosophy students dive deeper into advanced topics across philosophy of religion and ethics, alongside exploring new directions in philosophical thought. This article outlines the core knowledge required for the A Level, highlighting key arguments, concepts, and scholarly contributions that appear in Paper 1, Paper 2, and Paper 3. Mastering these areas is essential for success in the final examinations.

在Edexcel哲学课程的Year 13阶段，学生将进一步深入学习宗教哲学与伦理学的进阶主题，并探索哲学思想的新方向。本文梳理了A Level必需的核心知识点，涵盖试卷一、试卷二和试卷三中的关键论证、概念及学者贡献。熟练掌握这些领域是通过最终考试的关键。

1. Attributes of God | 上帝属性

The concept of God in classical theism involves several key attributes: omnipotence (all-powerful), omniscience (all-knowing), omnibenevolence (all-good), and eternality. A major philosophical problem is the paradox of the stone: can God create a stone so heavy that He cannot lift it? This challenges the coherence of omnipotence, leading to responses such as redefining omnipotence as the power to do only what is logically possible. The Euthyphro dilemma further questions whether goodness is dependent on God’s commands.

古典有神论中的上帝概念包含若干关键属性：全能、全知、全善与永恒。一个重要的哲学难题是“石头悖论”：上帝能否创造一块重到他自己也举不起来的石头？这挑战了全能概念的连贯性，对此的回应包括将全能重新定义为只能做逻辑上可能之事。而“尤息弗罗困境”则进一步质疑善是否依赖于上帝的命令。

The attributes also raise issues about divine foreknowledge and free will. If God knows the future infallibly, how can human actions be free? Boethius and other thinkers attempt to resolve this by distinguishing between timeless eternity and temporal succession, but the tension remains a core debate.

这些属性还引发了关于神圣预知与自由意志的问题。如果上帝无误地知晓未来，人类的行为如何还能是自由的？波爱修斯等思想家试图通过区分无时间的永恒与时间流变来化解这一难题，但这一紧张关系始终是核心争论。

2. Religious Language | 宗教语言

Religious language poses the problem of how finite human words can describe an infinite God. The via negativa (apophatic theology) asserts that we can only say what God is not, not what He is. Analogy, as developed by Aquinas, allows positive statements through analogy of attribution and proportion. Paul Tillich offers a symbolic approach, where religious symbols participate in the divine reality without being literal descriptions.

宗教语言引发了一个问题：有限的人类语言如何能够描述无限的上帝。否定法（否定神学）主张我们只能说上帝不是什么，而不能说上帝是什么。阿奎那发展的类比法允许通过归因类比和比例类比进行肯定性陈述。保罗·蒂利希则提供了象征进路，宗教象征虽非字面

Published by TutorHao | Year 13 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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