AS AQA Biology Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AS AQA 生物关键术语速记指南

📚 AS AQA Biology Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AS AQA 生物关键术语速记指南

Struggling to recall the precise biological terms required for AS AQA Biology? Mastering terminology is not just about rote learning; it is about understanding word origins, connecting concepts, and using active recall strategies. This guide breaks down essential terms topic by topic, pairing clear English definitions with Chinese translations, and offers practical memorisation tricks.

是否在为牢记 AS AQA 生物考试中精确的术语而苦恼？掌握术语不仅仅是死记硬背，更在于理解词源、联系概念并运用主动回忆策略。本指南按主题梳理核心术语，提供清晰的英文定义与中文翻译，并搭配实用的记忆技巧。

1. Mastering Scientific Roots | 掌握科学词根

Many biological terms are built from Latin and Greek roots. Knowing these building blocks helps you decode unfamiliar words. For example, ‘hyper’ means above or excessive, while ‘hypo’ means below or deficient. ‘Cyte’ means cell, so an erythrocyte is a red blood cell, and a leukocyte is a white blood cell.

许多生物术语由拉丁语和希腊语词根构成。了解这些构词要素有助于你解读生词。例如，“hyper”表示高于或过量，“hypo”表示低于或不足。“cyte”表示细胞，因此红细胞（erythrocyte）是红血球，白细胞（leukocyte）是白血球。

Root ‘photo-‘ (light) + ‘synthesis’ (putting together) → photosynthesis: the process of using light energy to synthesise organic compounds.

词根“photo-”（光）+ “synthesis”（合成）→ photosynthesis（光合作用）：利用光能合成有机物的过程。

Root ‘mono-‘ (one) + ‘saccharide’ (sugar) → monosaccharide: a single sugar unit such as glucose. ‘Di-‘ means two, and ‘poly-‘ means many, instantly clarifying disaccharide and polysaccharide.

词根“mono-”（单个）+ “saccharide”（糖）→ monosaccharide（单糖）：如葡萄糖，是单个糖单元。“di-”表示二，“poly-”表示多，立刻就能理解二糖和多糖的含义。

‘Homo-‘ means same (e.g., homozygous having identical alleles), while ‘hetero-‘ means different (heterozygous having different alleles). ‘Locus’ is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome, helping you recall ‘loci’.

“Homo-”表示相同（如 homozygous 纯合子，具有相同等位基因），“hetero-”表示不同（heterozygous 杂合子）。’locus’（基因座）是基因在染色体上的特定位置，这能帮你记住 ‘loci’ 这一复数形式。

2. Cell Structure Terminology | 细胞结构术语

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles. A common exam mistake is confusing the terms ‘nucleus’ and ‘nucleolus’. The nucleus is the large organelle containing genetic material; the nucleolus is the dense region inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesised.

真核细胞含有膜包被的细胞器。考试中常犯的错误是混淆 “nucleus” 和 “nucleolus”。细胞核（nucleus）是含有遗传物质的大细胞器；核仁（nucleolus）是细胞核内致密的区域，核糖体 RNA 在此合成。

Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria): The organelle responsible for aerobic respiration, producing ATP. Imagine it as the ‘powerhouse’ with folded inner membranes (cristae) to increase surface area.

线粒体（mitochondrion，复数为 mitochondria）：负责有氧呼吸、产生 ATP 的细胞器。可将其想象为“能量工厂”，具有折叠的内膜（嵴）以增加表面积。

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Studded with ribosomes, it synthesises and transports proteins. The ‘rough’ appearance comes from attached ribosomes, a useful visual memory cue.

粗面内质网（RER）：附着核糖体，负责蛋白质的合成与运输。其“粗糙”外观源于附着的核糖体，可作为有效的视觉记忆线索。

Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts and packages proteins into vesicles for secretion. Remember it as the ‘post office’ of the cell. Lysosome: Contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest worn-out organelles and engulfed pathogens; think of it as the ‘stomach’ of the cell.

高尔基体：对蛋白质进行修饰、分类并包装入囊泡以进行分泌。可将其记为细胞的“邮局”。溶酶体：含有水解酶，可消化衰老的细胞器和被吞噬的病原体；可将其视为细胞的“胃”。

3. Biological Molecules: Monomers and Polymers | 生物分子：单体与聚合物

Biological macromolecules are polymers formed from monomers. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is a monosaccharide monomer; two glucose molecules join via a glycosidic bond to form maltose, a disaccharide. Many glucose units form starch or glycogen.

生物大分子是由单体形成的聚合物。葡萄糖（C₆H₁₂O₆）是单糖单体；两个葡萄糖分子通过糖苷键连接形成麦芽糖（二糖）。许多葡萄糖单元连接形成淀粉或糖原。

A condensation reaction joins monomers, releasing a water molecule (H₂O), while hydrolysis breaks a bond by adding water. This works for carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.

缩合反应连接单体，释放一分子水（H₂O）；而水解反应则通过加水断裂化学键。这适用于碳水化合物、蛋白质和核酸。

Triglyceride: A lipid formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids via ester bonds. The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, explaining why lipids are insoluble in water.

甘油三酯：由一分子甘油与三分子脂肪酸通过酯键形成的脂质。脂肪酸尾部疏水，因此脂质不溶于水。

Protein