📚 AS AQA Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Study Guide | AS AQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key business vocabulary is essential for success in AS AQA Business. This guide defines the core terms you will encounter across the syllabus, from enterprise and marketing to finance and external influences, with clear English–Chinese pairings to speed up revision and deepen understanding.
掌握关键商务词汇是攻克 AS AQA 商务考试的基础。本指南覆盖大纲核心术语——从创业精神、市场营销到财务管理与外部环境影响，采用清晰的中英对照，帮助加速复习、加深理解。
1. Business Fundamentals | 商务基础
Business: An organisation that produces goods or services to satisfy customer needs, usually aiming to earn a profit.
企业：生产商品或服务以满足客户需求的组织，通常以盈利为目标。
Goods: Physical, tangible products such as clothing, food or electronics.
商品：有形的实物产品，如服装、食品或电子产品。
Services: Intangible activities provided by businesses, such as banking, education or hairdressing.
服务：企业提供的无形活动，如银行、教育或美发。
Needs: Essential items required for survival, like water, shelter and food.
需求（基本需要）：生存所必需的物品，如水、住所和食物。
Wants: Desires that are not essential but improve quality of life, such as a smartphone or a holiday.
欲望（想要）：非必需但能提升生活质量的愿望，如智能手机或度假。
Profit: The financial gain when total revenue exceeds total costs over a period.
利润：在某一时期内总收入超过总成本所带来的财务收益。
Not-for-profit organisation: A business that uses surplus funds to pursue social or charitable goals rather than distributing profit to owners.
非营利组织：将盈余资金用于社会或慈善目标，而非分配给所有者的组织。
Adding value: Increasing the worth of inputs by transforming them so that the selling price exceeds the cost of materials and production.
附加值：通过转换投入要素使其售价高于原材料及生产成本，从而增加价值。
Opportunity cost: The value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made.
机会成本：做出某种选择时所放弃的次优选项的价值。
Enterprise: The ability and willingness to take risks, identify opportunities and organise resources to create a new venture.
创业精神：敢于承担风险、发现机会并组织资源创立新事业的能力与意愿。
2. Entrepreneurs and Business Ownership | 创业者与企业所有权
Entrepreneur: An individual who sets up a business, bearing most of the risks while aiming to make a profit through innovation and resource management.
企业家：创立企业、承担大部分风险，通过创新和资源管理获取利润的个人。
Sole trader: A business owned and controlled by one person who has unlimited liability for all debts.
个体经营者：由个人拥有和控制的企业，所有者对所有债务承担无限责任。
Partnership: A business owned by two or more people who share risks, profits and responsibility, typically with unlimited liability unless a limited partnership is formed.
合伙企业：由两人或多人共同拥有、共担风险、共享利润和责任的企业，通常承担无限责任，除非设立有限合伙。
Limited liability: A legal status where owners’ financial responsibility for business debts is restricted to the amount they have invested.
有限责任：所有者的偿债责任仅限于其投资额的法律状态。
Private limited company (Ltd): A business with limited liability whose shares cannot be sold to the general public; ownership is restricted to invited shareholders.
私营有限公司：股份不能向公众发售、享有有限责任的公司，所有权限于受邀股东。
Public limited company (plc): A limited liability company that can offer shares to the public and is usually listed on a stock exchange.
公众有限公司：可向公众发行股份并在证券交易所上市的有限责任企业。
Franchise: The right given by one business to another to sell its goods or services using its established brand and business model.
特许经营：一家企业授权另一家企业使用其成熟品牌和商业模式销售商品或服务的权利。
Social enterprise: A business that trades primarily to address social or environmental problems, reinvesting most of its profit into its mission.
社会企业：主要通过交易解决社会或环境问题，并将大部分利润重新投入其使命的企业。
3. Business Planning and Finance Sources | 商业计划与融资来源
Business plan: A written document setting out the business idea, objectives, strategies, market analysis and financial forecasts.
商业计划书：阐述商业理念、目标、策略、市场分析和财务预测的书面文件。
Internal finance: Funds generated from within the business, such as retained profit or the sale of assets.
内部融资：来源于企业内部的资金，如留存利润或出售资产所得。
External finance: Capital raised from outside the business, for example bank loans, overdrafts or venture capital.
外部融资：从企业外部筹集的资金，如银行贷款、透支或风险投资。
Short-term finance: Funding needed for day-to-day operations and repayable within one year, such as trade credit or overdrafts.
短期融资：用于日常经营、在一年内偿还的资金，如商业信用或透支。
Long-term finance: Capital used for major investments or expansion, typically repaid over several years, such as mortgages or share capital.
长期融资：用于重大投资或扩张的资金，通常在多年内偿还，如抵押贷款或股本。
Cash flow forecast: A projection of expected inflows and outflows of cash over a period, helping to identify potential liquidity problems.
现金流量预测：对未来现金流入和流出的预估，有助于识别潜在流动性问题。
Working capital: The money available for the daily running of the business, calculated as current assets minus current liabilities.
营运资本：用于企业日常运营的资金，计算公式为流动资产减去流动负债。
4. Market Research and Segmentation | 市场调研与市场细分
Market research: The systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data about a market, competitors and customers.
市场调研：对市场、竞争对手和顾客数据进行系统收集、分析和解释的过程。
Primary research: Original data gathered first-hand for a specific purpose, through surveys, interviews or observations.
一手调研：通过问卷、访谈或观察等方式为特定目的直接收集的原始数据。
Secondary research: Data that already exists and was collected by others, such as government reports, market analyses or internal records.
二手调研：由他人已收集、业已存在的数据，如政府报告、市场分析或内部记录。
Quantitative data: Numerical information that can be measured and expressed in charts, such as sales figures or market share.
定量数据：可测量并以图表表达的数量信息，如销售额或市场份额。
Qualitative data: Non-numerical insights into opinions, attitudes and motivations, often obtained through focus groups or open-ended questions.
定性数据：关于观点、态度和动机的非数值信息，通常通过焦点小组或开放式问题获取。
Sample: A subset of a population selected to represent the whole group in research.
样本：从总体中选出用以代表整个群体的子集。
Market segment: A distinct group of customers who share similar characteristics and needs within a larger market.
细分市场：在较大市场中具有相似特征和需求的特定顾客群体。
5. Marketing Mix: Product and Price | 营销组合：产品与定价
Marketing mix: The combination of Product, Price, Promotion and Place that a business uses to reach its target market.
营销组合：企业为触达目标市场而组合运用的产品、价格、促销和渠道策略。
Product life cycle: The stages a product goes through from introduction to decline: development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.
产品生命周期：产品从开发到衰退所经历的阶段：开发期、导入期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期。
Boston Matrix: A tool that categorises products into Stars, Cash Cows, Question Marks and Dogs based on market share and market growth.
波士顿矩阵：依据市场份额和市场增长率将产品分为明星、金牛、问号和瘦狗四类的分析工具。
Brand: A unique name, design or symbol that distinguishes a product and creates customer loyalty.
品牌：使产品与众不同的独特名称、设计或符号，有助于建立客户忠诚度。
Penetration pricing: Setting a low initial price to attract customers quickly and gain market share.
渗透定价：设定较低初始价格以快速吸引顾客、夺取市场份额。
Price skimming: Launching a product at a high price to maximise profit from early adopters before gradually lowering it.
撇脂定价：以高价推出新产品，从早期采用者获取最大利润，随后逐步降价。
Cost-plus pricing: Adding a fixed percentage mark-up to the unit cost to determine the selling price.
成本加成定价：在单位成本上增加固定百分比的加成来确定售价。
Price elasticity of demand (PED): A measure of how responsive quantity demanded is to a change in price. Calculated as:
PED = Percentage change in quantity demanded ÷ Percentage change in price
需求价格弹性：衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度。计算公式为：需求价格弹性 = 需求量变动百分比 ÷ 价格变动百分比。
6. Marketing Mix: Promotion and Place | 营销组合：促销与渠道
Promotion: Communication activities that inform and persuade customers about a product, including advertising, sales promotions and public relations.
促销：旨在告知并说服顾客了解产品的沟通活动，包括广告、促销活动和公共关系。
Above-the-line promotion: Using mass media such as television, radio or newspapers to reach a wide audience.
线上促销：利用电视、广播、报纸等大众媒体接触广泛受众的推广方式。
Sales promotion: Short-term incentives like discounts, coupons or ‘buy one get one free’ offers to boost sales.
营业推广：折扣、优惠券、买一赠一等短期刺激手段，旨在提振销售。
Public relations (PR): Building a positive image through news releases, events or sponsorship without directly paying for advertising space.
公共关系：通过新闻发布、活动或赞助建立正面形象，无需直接购买广告版面。
Distribution channel: The path goods take from producer to final consumer, which may include wholesalers and retailers.
分销渠道：商品从生产者流向最终消费者的路径，可能包含批发商和零售商。
E-commerce: Buying and selling products online, which can reduce costs and extend market reach.
电子商务：在线买卖产品，可降低成本并扩大市场范围。
Direct selling: Selling directly to consumers without intermediaries, for example through a website or a brand-owned store.
直接销售：不经中间商直接向消费者销售，如通过网站或品牌自营店进行。
Place: How the product is distributed and where customers can purchase it.
渠道（分销）：产品的分销方式以及顾客购买的地点。
7. Operations Management | 运营管理
Job production: Producing one-off, custom-made items to meet specific customer requirements.
单件生产：按客户具体要求生产一次性定制产品。
Batch production: Making a limited number of identical products together, allowing some variety while keeping costs lower than job production.
批量生产：同时生产有限数量的相同产品，既保证一定多样性，又比单件生产成本低。
Flow production: Mass-producing standardised goods on a continuous assembly line, achieving high efficiency and low unit cost.
流水线生产：在连续装配线上大规模生产标准化产品，效率高、单位成本低。
Lean production: An approach that eliminates waste at every stage, reduces inventory and continuously improves processes.
精益生产：消除各环节浪费、减少库存并持续改进流程的生产方式。
Quality control: Inspecting products at the end of the production process to remove defects.
质量控制：在生产过程结束时检验产品以剔除缺陷品。
Quality assurance: Building quality into every stage of production so that faults are prevented rather than just detected.
质量保证：将质量贯穿于生产各阶段，重在预防而非事后检验。
Capacity utilisation: The percentage of total possible output that a business actually uses. Calculated as:
Capacity utilisation = (Actual output ÷ Maximum possible output) × 100
产能利用率：企业实际产出占最大可能产出的百分比。产能利用率 = (实际产出 ÷ 最大可能产出) × 100。
8. Financial Analysis | 财务分析
Revenue: The total income from selling goods or services, calculated as price × quantity sold.
收入：销售商品或服务所得的全部款项，计算方式为价格 × 销售量。
Fixed costs: Costs that do not vary with output, such as rent or insurance.
固定成本：不随产量变化的成本，如租金或保险费。
Variable costs: Costs that change directly with the level of output, like raw materials or packaging.
变动成本：随产量水平直接变化的成本，如原材料或包装费。
Profit: The surplus after total costs are deducted from total revenue. Both gross profit and net profit are common indicators.
利润：总收入扣除总成本后的盈余，常用指标包括毛利润和净利润。
Break-even point: The level of output where total revenue equals total costs, so the business makes neither a profit nor a loss. The formula is:
Break-even point (units) = Fixed costs ÷ (Selling price per unit – Variable cost per unit)
盈亏平衡点：总收入等于总成本的产出水平，不盈不亏。计算公式：盈亏平衡点（单位）= 固定成本 ÷ (单价 – 单位变动成本)。
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