📚 AS AQA Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook for Formulas and Theorems | AS AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册
Mastering Chinese grammar at AS level is much easier when you treat key structures as reliable ‘formulas’. This handbook presents the essential sentence patterns tested in AQA AS Chinese, each expressed as a grammatical equation with clear examples. Use it for rapid revision and error-free writing.
如果把核心句式当作可套用的“公式”来学，AS 中文语法的掌握就会轻松很多。本手册列出 AQA AS 中文考试中必考的基本句型，每个句型都以语法“方程式”的形式呈现，并配有清晰的示例。可用来快速复习，实现无错写作。
1. Basic SVO Formula | 基本主谓宾公式
The bedrock of Chinese syntax is Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object. Modifiers almost always precede what they modify, which contrasts sharply with English. In questions, the word order remains the same; simply replace the unknown element with a question word.
中文语法的基石是 主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。修饰语几乎总是位于被修饰语之前，这与英语形成鲜明对比。疑问句中语序不变，只需用疑问词替换未知部分即可。
- 我昨天在学校见到了他。 (I yesterday at school saw him.)
- 你什么时候去北京？ (You when go Beijing?)
2. The 把 (bǎ) Formula | 把字句公式
The 把 construction shifts the object before the verb to highlight how it is disposed of or affected. The formula is: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/Result. The verb must be transitive and usually requires a complement indicating result, direction, or duration; a bare verb after 把 is rarely acceptable.
“把”字句将宾语提前至动词之前，以突显宾语如何被处置或受到影响。公式为：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/结果。动词必须是及物的，且通常需带表示结果、方向或时长的补语；单独一个动词放在“把”后一般不成立。
- 请把作业做完。 (Please finish the homework.)
- 他把我的相机弄坏了。 (He broke my camera.)
3. The 被 (bèi) Passive Formula | 被字句公式
Unlike English passive, which often omits the agent, the 被 structure explicitly marks the agent or leaves it out with 被 alone. Formula: Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement. It is used mainly for undesirable events, though neutral use is increasing in modern Chinese. Do not overuse it where a topic-comment sentence would be more natural.
与英语被动语态不同，汉语的被字句会显式标出施事者，或用单独的“被”省略施事者。公式：受事 + 被 (+ 施事) + 动词 + 补语。主要用于消极事件，不过在现代汉语中中性的使用也逐渐增多。不可滥用，能用话题-陈述句的地方就不要硬套被字句。
- 我的电脑被弟弟弄坏了。 (My computer was broken by my younger brother.)
- 窗户被打破了。 (The window was broken.)
4. The 比 (bǐ) Comparison Formula | 比较句公式
For comparisons of superiority or degree, the formula is: A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ 得多 / 一点儿 / Quantity). Never add 很 or 非常 before the adjective. To form the negative, use 没有 (A + 没有 + B + Adj). This is more idiomatic than 不比 in many exam contexts.
表示程度或优势比较时，公式为：A + 比 + B + 形容词 (+ 得多 / 一点儿 / 数量词)。形容词前绝不能加“很”或“非常”。否定形式用“没有” (A + 没有 + B + Adj)，在考试中多数情况下比“不比”更符合习惯。
- 他比我高五厘米。 (He is 5cm taller than me.)
- 这个书包没有那个贵。 (This bag is not as expensive as that one.)
5. The 是…的 (shì…de) Emphatic Formula | 是…的强调公式
This structure isolates time, place, manner, or agent of a completed action. Formula: Subject + 是 + Detail to Emphasise + Verb + 的 (+ Object). It is used only for past or completed events, not future ones. In negative form, 不 is placed before 是.
该结构用于强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式或施事。公式：主语 + 是 + 要强调的细节 + 动词 + 的 (+ 宾语)。只用于过去或完成的事件，不能用于将来。否定形式在“是”前加“不”。
- 我是昨天认识他的。 (It was yesterday that I met him.)
- 她不是坐火车来的。 (She did not come by train.)
6. The 连…都/也 (lián…dōu/yě) Formula | 连…都/也强调公式
To express ‘even’, use 连 + Noun/Phrase + 都/也 + Verb Phrase. It creates a sense of surpise that the most extreme or unexpected case holds true. 都 is more common in spoken Mandarin; 也 is often preferred in negative sentences.
表示“甚至”时，用 连 + 名词/短语 + 都/也 + 动词短语。它传达一种“连最极端或最意想不到的例子都成立”的惊讶语气。口语中多用“都”，否定句里常首选“也”。
- 他连早饭也没吃就走了。 (He left without even eating breakfast.)
- 这个问题连老师都不知道。 (Even the teacher doesn’t know the answer to this question.)
7. The 除了…以外 (chúle…yǐwài) Formula | 除了…以外结构公式
This pattern has two main versions. For ‘apart from … also’, use 除了 A 以外, B 也/还 C. For ‘except for … all’, use 除了 A 以外, B 都 C. The 以外 can be omitted colloquially, but including it is safer in formal writing and exam essays.
此句型有两个主要版本。表示“除 A 外，B 也 C”，用 除了 A 以外，B 也/还 C。表示“除了 A，(其余)都 C”，用 除了 A 以外，B 都 C。“以外”口语中可以省略，但在正式写作和考试作文中加上更稳妥。
- 除了游泳以外，我还喜欢跑步。 (Apart from swimming, I also like running.)
- 除了小王以外，大家都到了。 (Except for Xiao Wang, everyone has arrived.)
8. The 越…越… (yuè…yuè…) Formula | 越…越…递进公式
This paired structure expresses a direct proportional relationship: the more/the more. Formula: 越 + Adjective/Verb + 越 + Adjective/Verb. Both parts share the same subject by default, but two different subjects can be used: Subject1 越 V1, Subject2 越 Adj2.
这一对仗结构表示一种直接的正比关系：越是……就越……。公式：越 + 形容词/动词 + 越 + 形容词/动词。缺省状态下两部分共用一个主语，但也可以使用两个不同的主语：主语1 越 V1，主语2 越 Adj2。
- 雨越下越大。 (The rain fell heavier and heavier.)
- 她越说越激动。 (The more she talked, the more excited she became.)
9. The 因为…所以… (yīnwèi…suǒyǐ…) Formula | 因为…所以…因果公式
This is the most explicit cause-effect pair. Formula: 因为 + Cause, 所以 + Result. In formal registers, 由于 can replace 因为 in the first clause, but 所以 must remain in the second. Never use 因为…因此… in the same sentence; choose one conjunction pair only.
这是最明确的因果连词组合。公式：因为 + 原因，所以 + 结果。正式语体中，前一分句可用“由于”替换“因为”，但后一分句必须保留“所以”。同一句中切勿混用“因为……因此……”只应选择一套关联词。
- 因为天气不好，所以我们没去公园。 (Because the weather was bad, we didn’t go to the park.)
- 由于准备充分，所以他顺利通过了考试。 (As he was well prepared, he passed the exam smoothly.)
10. The 虽然…但是… (suīrán…dànshì…) Formula | 虽然…但是…转折公式
To signal concession, the formula is: 虽然 + Concession, 但是 + Statement. Note that 虽然 often pairs with 但是, 可是, or 却, but English speakers must remember that a single ‘but’ can never appear alone after a ‘although’ clause in Chinese; a second conjunction is required or at least highly preferred in the second clause.
表示让步时，公式为：虽然 + 让步条件，但是 + 陈述。注意“虽然”常与“但是”“可是”或“却”搭配使用，英语母语者尤须牢记：中文里“虽然”后不可仅用一个孤零零的“但是”之类的不对应；第二分句必须或强烈倾向于出现另一个连词。
- 虽然他很忙，但是还是帮了我。 (Although he was busy, he still helped me.)
- 这道菜虽然简单，却非常好吃。 (Though this dish is simple, it is very delicious.)
11. The 不但…而且… (bùdàn…érqiě…) Formula | 不但…而且…递进公式
This pattern intensifies: not only … but also. Formula: 不但 + Fact1, 而且 + Fact2. If both clauses share the same subject, 不但 usually precedes the subject. If subjects differ, 不但 is placed after Subject1 and 而且 before Subject2. For added formality, 不仅 can replace 不但.
这个搭配表示递进：不但……而且……。公式：不但 + 事实1，而且 + 事实2。如前后分句主语相同，“不但”通常放在主语前；若主语不同，“不但”放在主语1之后，“而且”放在主语2之前。如需更正式的表达，可用“不仅”代替“不但”。
- 他不但会说汉语，而且会写汉字。 (He can not only speak Chinese but also write characters.)
- 不但学生喜欢这本书，而且老师也推荐它。 (Not only do students like this book, but teachers also recommend it.)
12. The 只有…才… (zhǐyǒu…cái…) Formula | 只有…才…条件公式
For an exclusive necessary condition, use 只有 + Condition + 才 + Result. This is emphatic and formal, indicating that only when the first clause is fulfilled does the consequence occur. Do not confuse it with 只要…就… (as long as … then), which is sufficient condition and less rigid.
表达唯一必要条件时，用 只有 + 条件 + 才 + 结果。这个搭配强调且正式，表示只有前一分句实现，后面才会发生。不要与“只要……就……”（充分条件，更宽松）弄混。
- 只有努力复习，才能取得好成绩。 (Only by revising hard can you achieve good grades.)
- 他只有喝了咖啡，才开始工作。 (Only after drinking coffee does he start working.)
Published by TutorHao | AQA AS Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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