📚 AS AQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AS AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the essential vocabulary in AS AQA Engineering is the first step towards confidently tackling exam questions and practical projects. This guide breaks down key terms into logical categories, pairing clear English definitions with Chinese translations, and includes simple memory aids to help you retain them quickly. Whether you are revising materials, mechanics, electronics or systems, use this resource to strengthen your engineering literacy.
掌握 AS AQA 工程的核心词汇是自信应对考试题和实操项目的第一步。本指南将关键术语按逻辑类别划分，把清晰的英文定义和中文翻译配对，并附上简单的记忆辅助，帮助您快速记住它们。无论您正在复习材料、力学、电子学还是系统知识，都可以利用这份资源来加强工程素养。
1. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能
In AS AQA Engineering, materials are classified into broad families based on their composition and behaviour. The main groups are ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, polymers, ceramics and composites. Understanding the basic definitions helps you select appropriate materials for a given design context.
在 AS AQA 工程中，材料根据成分和性能被划分为几大类，主要有黑色金属、有色金属、聚合物、陶瓷和复合材料。理解基本定义有助于你根据具体设计场景选择合适的材料。
A ferrous metal contains iron as its primary element; typical examples are mild steel and cast iron. The word ‘ferrous’ comes from the Latin ‘ferrum’ for iron, so you can remember that any metal with ‘Fe’ in its name is ferrous. Ferrous metals tend to be magnetic and, unless protected, may rust.
黑色金属是以铁为主要元素的金属；典型例子有低碳钢和铸铁。’ferrous’ 一词源自拉丁语 ‘ferrum’（铁），所以只要记住名称里带铁 (Fe) 的金属就是黑色金属。黑色金属通常具有磁性，如果不加保护容易生锈。
Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron. Aluminium, copper, zinc and tin are common examples. They are generally more resistant to corrosion and are lighter than ferrous metals, making them useful in aerospace and electrical applications. A quick memory trick: ‘non’ means ‘no iron’.
有色金属不含铁。铝、铜、锌和锡是常见的有色金属。它们通常更耐腐蚀且比黑色金属轻，这让它们在航空航天和电气应用中很有用。一个简单的记忆窍门：’non’（非）就是无铁。
Polymers are long-chain molecular materials, divided into thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Thermoplastics, like polythene and nylon, can be repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling. Thermosetting plastics, such as epoxy resin, undergo a chemical change when heated and cannot be reshaped. Think of ‘thermo’ for heat and ‘plastic’ for mouldable, while ‘setting’ suggests once set, it stays.
聚合物是长链分子材料，分为热塑性塑料和热固性塑料。热塑性塑料（如聚乙烯和尼龙）可以通过加热反复软化、冷却硬化。热固性塑料（如环氧树脂）在加热时发生化学变化，无法再次塑形。记住 ‘thermo’（热）和 ‘plastic’（可塑），而 ‘setting’ 暗示一旦定型就固定不变。
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic solids formed by the action of heat. Engineering ceramics like alumina are hard, wear-resistant and can withstand very high temperatures, but they are brittle. Silicate ceramics include glass and porcelain. Composites combine two or more distinct materials to achieve properties that the individual components alone cannot provide, such as carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP).
陶瓷是通过加热形成的无机非金属固体。工程陶瓷（如氧化铝）坚硬、耐磨且耐高温，但脆性大。硅酸盐陶瓷包括玻璃和瓷器。复合材料将两种或多种不同材料结合，以获得单组分无法提供的性能，例如碳纤维增强聚合物 (CFRP)。
2. Mechanical Properties | 力学性能
Mechanical properties describe how a material responds to applied forces. For AS AQA Engineering, you need to know terms like strength, hardness, elasticity, ductility, malleability and toughness, and be able to relate them to stress-strain curves.
力学性能描述了材料在受力时的行为方式。在 AS AQA 工程中，你需要掌握强度、硬度、弹性、延展性、可锻性和韧性等术语，并能将它们与应力-应变曲线联系起来。
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before necking and fracture. It is measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa). You can remember it as the ‘breaking point in a tug-of-war’: the rope snaps when the pulling stress exceeds its tensile strength.
抗拉强度是材料在拉伸过程中发生颈缩和断裂前所能承受的最大应力，以帕斯卡 (Pa) 或兆帕 (MPa) 为单位。你可以把它想象成一场拔河比赛：当拉应力超过绳子抗拉强度时，绳子就会断裂。
Hardness is the resistance of a material to indentation, scratching or wear. Diamond is extremely hard, while chalk is soft. In the lab, hardness is often tested using the Brinell or Rockwell methods. A useful mnemonic: ‘Hard materials resist scratches and dents.’
硬度是材料抵抗压痕、划痕或磨损的能力。钻石极硬，粉笔就软。在实验室里，硬度通常用布氏或洛氏方法测试。实用的记忆法：硬材料能抵抗划伤和凹陷。
Ductility refers to the ability of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking. Malleability is the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Copper is both ductile and malleable. ‘Ductile’ sounds like ‘duct tape’ – it stretches. ‘Malleable’ comes from the Latin ‘malleus’ meaning hammer.
延展性是指材料能被拉伸成丝而不断裂的能力。可锻性是指能被锤打或轧制成薄板的能力。铜兼备延展性和可锻性。’Ductile’ 听起来像 ‘duct tape'(强力胶带) ——可拉伸。’Malleable’ 源自拉丁语 ‘malleus’（锤子）。
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy without fracturing. It combines strength and ductility. Mild steel is tough, whereas glass is not tough even though it is hard. Elasticity is the property that allows a material to return to its original shape after the load is removed, described by Young’s modulus.
韧性是材料在断裂前吸收能量的能力，它综合了强度和延展性。低碳钢韧性好，而玻璃虽硬但韧性差。弹性是使材料在卸载后恢复原始形状的性能，用杨氏模量描述。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
AS AQA Engineering covers a range of manufacturing processes used to shape and join materials. Common ones include casting, forging, extrusion, machining and welding. Recognising the correct term for a process is essential for design and production planning questions.
AS AQA 工程涵盖一系列用于成形和连接材料的制造工艺。常见的包括铸造、锻造、挤压、机加工和焊接。正确识别每个工艺的术语对于设计和生产规划题至关重要。
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould cavity and allowing it to solidify. Sand casting uses a sand mould and is suitable for large parts like engine blocks. A simple memory aid: ‘Sand casting – sand mould; like making a sandcastle but with molten metal.’
铸造是将熔融金属浇入模腔并让其凝固的工艺。砂型铸造使用砂模，适用于像发动机缸体这样的大型零件。一个简单的记忆法：砂型铸造——砂模；如同用湿沙堆盐城堡，只不过用的是熔融金属。
Forging is the shaping of metal using compressive forces, often with a hammer or a press. It improves the grain structure and strength of the component. Hot forging is done above the recrystallisation temperature. Think of a blacksmith hammering hot iron – that is forging.
锻造是通过锤击或压力机施加压缩力来使金属成形的工艺，它能改善零件的晶粒结构并提高强度。热锻造在再结晶温度以上进行。想象一下铁匠锤打热铁的场景——那就是锻造。
Extrusion pushes the material through a die to create long objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile, such as aluminium window frames or plastic pipes. Machining removes material using cutting tools; common operations include turning, milling and drilling. A lathe performs turning, while a milling machine uses a rotating cutter.
挤压将材料推过模具，以生产具有固定截面形状的长型材，如铝制窗框或塑料管材。机加工是用切削刀具去除材料；常见的操作包括车削、铣削和钻孔。车床用于车削，铣床则使用旋转刀具。
Welding joins two metal pieces by melting their edges and adding a filler material. Arc welding uses an electric arc to generate heat. Brazing and soldering join metals without melting the base pieces, using a filler with a lower melting point. Remember: welding melts the base, brazing does not.
焊接通过熔化金属工件的边缘并添加填充材料来连接它们。电弧焊利用电弧产生热量。钎焊和锡焊则不熔化母材，而是使用熔点较低的填充料。记住：焊接熔化母材，钎焊不熔化。
4. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Forces and motion are fundamental to mechanical engineering. For AS you must be comfortable with terms such as force, mass, moment, torque, stress and strain, and the relationships among them.
力与运动是机械工程的基础。对于 AS 阶段，你必须熟练掌握力、质量、力矩、扭矩、应力和应变等术语及其相互关系。
Force is a push or pull measured in newtons (N). Newton’s second law states: Force = mass × acceleration. A quick visualisation: a 1 kg object accelerating at 1 m/s² experiences a 1 N force.
力是推力或拉力，单位为牛顿 (N)。牛顿第二定律指出：力 = 质量 × 加速度。快速直观理解：一个 1 千克的物体以 1 米/秒²加速，所受合力为 1 牛顿。
Moment is the turning effect of a force about a pivot, calculated as force × perpendicular distance. Its unit is newton metre (N m). On a seesaw, a small child seated farther from the pivot can balance a heavier child close to the pivot – that is moment equilibrium.
力矩是力绕支点产生的转动效应，等于力 × 垂直距离，单位为牛顿·米 (N m)。在跷跷板上，坐得离支点更远的小孩能平衡离支点近的体重更大的孩子——这就是力矩平衡。
Torque is essentially a moment that causes rotation, commonly used when talking about shafts and engines. Stress is the force applied per unit area (σ = F/A), while strain is the extension per original length (ε = ΔL/L₀). Both are used in stress-strain graphs to characterise material behaviour.
扭矩本质上是引起转动的力矩，常用于讨论轴和发动机。应力是单位面积上所受的力 (σ = F/A)，应变是伸长量与原长之比 (ε = ΔL/L₀)。两者在应力-应变图中用来描述材料行为。
5. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Energy and power calculations appear in many AS Engineering contexts, from moving mechanisms to electrical systems. Key terms include work done, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, power and efficiency.
能量和功率计算出现在许多 AS 工程情境中，从运动机构到电气系统。关键术语包括做功、动能、重力势能、功率和效率。
Work done is the product of force and distance moved in the direction of the force, measured in joules (J). If you push a box with a force of 10 N over 2 m, the work done is 20 J. The equation is: Work = Force × distance.
做功是力与沿力方向移动距离的乘积，单位为焦耳 (J)。如果你用 10 牛的力将一个箱子推动了 2 米，所做的功为 20 焦。公式为：功 = 力 × 距离。
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion, given by KE = ½ × mass × velocity². Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is GPE = mass × gravity × height. Power is the rate of doing work: Power = work done ÷ time, measured in watts (W).
动能 (KE) 是运动能量，公式为 KE = ½ × 质量 × 速度²。重力势能 (GPE) 为 GPE = 质量 × 重力加速度 × 高度。功率是做功的速率：功率 = 做功 ÷ 时间，单位为瓦特 (W)。
Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy (or power) to total input energy, often expressed as a percentage. In any engineering system, friction and heat losses mean efficiency is always less than 100%. Think: ‘Efficiency = what you get / what you pay.’
效率是有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量之比，通常以百分比表示。在任何工程系统中，摩擦和热损失都意味着效率始终低于 100%。记住：效率 = 你得到的 / 你付出的。
6. Electrical Fundamentals | 电学基础
Even in a broadly mechanical syllabus, AQA Engineering includes essential electrical theory. You need to know voltage, current, resistance, power in electric circuits and how to apply Ohm’s law.
即便是在偏机械的教学大纲中，AQA 工程也包含基础电学理论。你需要了解电压、电流、电阻、电路中的功率以及欧姆定律的应用。
Voltage (potential difference) is the energy per unit charge, measured in volts (V). Current is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). Resistance opposes current and is measured in ohms (Ω). A useful analogy: voltage is like water pressure, current is flow rate and resistance is pipe friction.
电压（电位差）是单位电荷的能量，单位为伏特 (V)。电流是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培 (A)。电阻阻碍电流，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。一个实用的类比：电压好比水压，电流好比流率，电阻好比管道摩擦。
Ohm’s law links these three quantities: V = I × R. Using the formula triangle, you can rearrange to find I = V/R or R = V/I. Power in an electrical circuit is given by P = V × I, and by combining with Ohm’s law, you also get P = I²R or P = V²/R.
欧姆定律将这三个量联系起来：V = I × R。利用公式三角形，你可以推导出 I = V/R 或 R = V/I。电路中的功率由 P = V × I 给出，结合欧姆定律还可以得到 P = I²R 或 P = V²/R。
7. Electronic Components | 电子元件
AS AQA Engineering introduces basic electronic components and their functions within input, process and output subsystems. Knowing the symbols and roles of resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors is important for system analysis.
AS AQA 工程介绍了基本的电子元件及其在输入、处理和输出子系统中的功能。了解电阻器、电容器、二极管和晶体管的符号和作用对于系统分析很重要。
A resistor limits current flow and divides voltage. Its resistance value is given by colour bands or numeric codes. The variable resistor (potentiometer) allows adjustment, e.g., in volume controls. A capacitor stores electrical charge and smooths voltage ripples; its unit is the farad (F). ‘Capacitor – think capacity to store.’
电阻器限制电流并分压，其阻值由色环或数字代码标示。可变电阻器（电位器）允许调节，例如在音量控制中。电容器储存电荷并平滑电压波动；单位是法拉 (F)。’Capacitor——联想 capacity（容量）即可储存’。
A diode allows current to flow in one direction only, acting like a one-way valve. The arrow in its symbol points to the allowed forward direction. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light when forward biased. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals; the most common type is the NPN bipolar junction transistor.
二极管只允许电流单向流动，就像单向阀。其符号中的箭头指向正向允许方向。发光二极管 (LED) 在正向偏置时发光。晶体管是一种半导体器件，用于放大或开关电子信号；最常见的类型是 NPN 双极结型晶体管。
8. Health and Safety | 健康与安全
Health and safety is a critical part of the engineering working environment. AS students must learn legislation and key terms including risk assessment, PPE, COSHH and hazard identification.
健康与安全是工程工作环境中至关重要的一环。AS 学生必须学习相关法规及关键术语，包括风险评估、个人防护装备 (PPE)、有害物质控制 (COSHH) 和危险识别。
A hazard is anything with the potential to cause harm, such as a trailing cable or a sharp edge. A risk is the likelihood that harm will actually happen, combined with the severity of the outcome. Risk assessment is the systematic process of identifying hazards, evaluating risks and implementing control measures. Remember: ‘Hazard is the potential, risk is the chance.’
危险源是指任何有可能造成伤害的事物，例如拖地的电线或锋利边缘。风险是伤害实际发生的可能性，结合后果的严重程度。风险评估是识别危险源、评价风险并实施控制措施的系统化过程。记住：危险是潜在可能，风险是发生几率和严重性。
PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment, such as safety glasses, gloves, hard hats and steel-toe boots. It should be the last line of defence after engineering controls. COSHH means Control of Substances Hazardous to Health; it requires employers to assess and control exposure to hazardous chemicals, dust and fumes.
PPE 即个人防护装备，例如安全眼镜、手套、安全帽和钢头鞋。它应该是工程控制措施之后的最后一道防线。COSHH 意为有害物质控制，要求雇主评估并控制接触有害化学品、粉尘和烟气的风险。
9. Measurement and Quality | 测量与质量
Precision measurement and quality control ensure that components meet their specifications. Important vocabulary includes tolerance, calibration, accuracy, precision, interchangeability and standard components.
精密测量和质量控制确保零件符合规格。重要的词汇包括公差、校准、准确度、精密度、互换性和标准件。
Tolerance is the allowable deviation from a nominal dimension, for example 50 mm ±0.05 mm. It defines the acceptable range because perfect dimensions are impossible in manufacture. Calibration is the process of checking and adjusting measuring instruments against a known standard to ensure their readings are correct.
公差是名义尺寸允许的偏差量，例如 50 毫米 ±0.05 毫米。它定义了可接受的范围，因为在制造中无法做到完美尺寸。校准是根据已知标准检查和调整测量仪器以确保读数正确的过程。
Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the true value. Precision refers to the repeatability of measurements – how closely a group of measurements agree with one another. A digital caliper can give precise readings to 0.01 mm, but if it is not calibrated, those readings may not be accurate. Remember: ‘Accurate = on target, precise = grouped together.’
准确度指测量值接近真值的程度。精密度指测量值的可重复性——即一组测量值之间的一致程度。一把数字卡尺可以精确到 0.01 毫米，但如果未经校准，读数可能不准确。记住：准确就是正中靶心，精密就是弹着点密集。
Interchangeability means that components manufactured within specified tolerances can be assembled without further fitting. Standard components, such as nuts, bolts, washers and bearings, are produced to industry standards so they are readily available and replaceable. This reduces cost and simplifies maintenance.
互换性是指在规定公差内制造的零件无需进一步修配即可装配。标准件（如螺母、螺栓、垫圈和轴承）按行业标准生产，因此随时可用且易于更换，这降低了成本并简化了维护。
10. Systems and Control | 系统与控制
Engineering systems are described as having inputs, processes and outputs, often with feedback loops for control. Learn the basic system vocabulary and examples of open-loop and closed-loop control.
工程系统被描述为具有输入、处理和输出，通常带有反馈回路以实现控制。学习基本的系统词汇以及开环和闭环控制的实例。
An input is the desired signal or physical quantity entering the system, e.g., a temperature setting on a thermostat. The process is the action that changes the input into the output, such as heating a room. The output is the actual result, e.g., the room temperature.
输入是进入系统的期望信号或物理量，例如恒温器上的温度设定。处理是将输入转化为输出的动作，如给房间加热。输出则是实际结果，例如房间温度。
Open-loop control has no feedback; the system operates blindly based on the input, like a timed traffic light. Closed-loop control uses feedback to compare the output with the desired input and correct errors automatically. The block diagram includes a sensor, comparator and actuator. Think: ‘Closed loop means the circle is closed – the output feeds back.’
开环控制没有反馈；系统根据输入盲目运行，如定时红绿灯。闭环控制利用反馈将输出与期望输入进行比较，并自动纠正误差。其框图包括传感器、比较器和执行器。记住：闭环意味着环路闭合——输出会反馈回来。
A sensor detects a physical change (e.g., thermistor for temperature) and converts it into a signal. An actuator, like a motor or solenoid, produces physical action based on the processed signal. Together, they form the backbone of mechatronic systems.
传感器检测物理变化（例如热敏电阻测温度）并将其转换成信号。执行器（如电机或螺线管）根据处理后信号产生物理动作。两者共同构成机电一体化系统的支柱。
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