AS AQA Politics: Key Terms Memorization Guide | AS AQA 政治：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS AQA Politics: Key Terms Memorization Guide | AS AQA 政治：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering political terminology is essential for success in the AS AQA Politics examination. This guide presents a selection of key terms organised by core themes, each explained concisely in English and Chinese, to help you build a strong vocabulary foundation quickly.

掌握政治学术语是 AS AQA 政治考试成功的关键。本指南将核心主题的关键术语分类呈现，每个术语均配有简洁的英文与中文解释，帮助您快速建立扎实的词汇基础。

1. Core Concepts: Power, Authority and Legitimacy | 核心概念：权力、权威与合法性

Power is the ability of an individual or group to influence the behaviour of others, even against their will. It can be exercised through coercion, persuasion or the control of resources.

权力是个人或群体影响他人行为的能力，即使这违背他人意愿。权力可通过强制、说服或资源控制来行使。

Authority refers to the right to exercise power, typically because it is seen as legitimate by those who are subject to it. Max Weber identified three types: traditional, charismatic and legal-rational authority.

权威指行使权力的权利，通常因为被统治者认为其具有合法性。马克斯·韦伯划分了三种类型：传统型、魅力型和法理型权威。

Legitimacy means the widespread acceptance that a government, regime or system has the right to rule. Without legitimacy, authority collapses and the use of power relies on force alone.

合法性指政府、政权或制度被广泛接受具有统治权。没有合法性，权威就会崩溃，权力的行使只能依赖武力。

Sovereignty is the supreme and ultimate political authority within a defined territory. In the UK theoretical legal sovereignty lies with Parliament, while political sovereignty rests with the electorate.

主权是一个明确领土内的最高和最终政治权威。在英国，理论上的法律主权属于议会，而政治主权属于全体选民。

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2. Democracy and Political Participation | 民主与政治参与

Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which citizens make decisions themselves rather than through elected representatives. It is often exercised through referendums and initiatives.

直接民主是公民自行做出决策而非通过民选代表来决策的一种民主形式。通常通过全民公投和公民动议来实现。

Representative democracy is a system where citizens elect individuals to represent their interests in a legislative assembly. The UK is a representative democracy with some elements of direct democracy.

代议制民主是公民选举个人在立法机构中代表其利益的制度。英国是代议制民主，但也包含一些直接民主的成分。

Political participation encompasses all activities through which citizens seek to influence government decisions. This includes voting, joining a party, protesting, sending emails to MPs and signing petitions.

政治参与涵盖公民试图影响政府决策的所有活动，包括投票、加入政党、抗议、给议员写邮件和签署请愿书。

Democratic deficit describes a situation where decision-making lacks sufficient democratic legitimacy. It can arise from unelected bodies, low voter turnout or a perceived gap between the people and their representatives.

民主赤字描述决策缺乏足够民主合法性的状况。它可能源于非民选机构、低投票率或民众与其代表之间存在明显隔阂。

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3. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度

First-past-the-post (FPTP) is a simple plurality system where the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins a seat. It tends to produce strong, single-party governments but can be disproportionate.

简单多数制是一种相对多数选举制度，在选区中获得最多票数的候选人赢得席位。它容易产生强大的一党政府，但可能缺乏比例代表性。

Proportional representation (PR) allocates seats in direct proportion to the votes each party receives. Systems such as the Single Transferable Vote and the Additional Member System aim to ensure greater fairness.

比例代表制按照每个政党所获选票的比例分配席位。单一可转让投票制和附加议员制等制度旨在确保更大的公平性。

Referendum is a direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to accept or reject a particular proposal. Recent UK examples include the 2014 Scottish independence referendum and the 2016 EU referendum.

全民公投是一种要求全体选民接受或否决某项特定提案的直接投票。英国最近的例子包括2014年苏格兰独立公投和2016年脱欧公投。

Mandate is the authority granted by the electorate to the winning party to implement its manifesto. The doctrine of the mandate links election promises to legislative action.

授权指选民赋予获胜政党落实其竞选纲领的权力。授权学说将选前承诺与立法行动联系起来。

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4. Political Parties and Party Systems | 政党与政党制度

Political party is an organised group of people who share similar political views and seek to achieve power through elections. Main UK parties include the Conservative Party, Labour Party and Liberal Democrats.

政党是由政治观点相似、试图通过选举获取权力的有组织的群体。英国的主要政党包括保守党、工党和自由民主党。

Left-wing generally advocates for social equality, greater state intervention in the economy, progressive taxation and extensive welfare provision. In UK politics the Labour Party is traditionally associated with left-wing ideas.

左翼通常主张社会平等、国家对经济的更多干预、累进税制和广泛的社会福利。在英国政治中工党传统上与左翼理念相联系。

Right-wing emphasises individual liberty, free markets, limited government and traditional social values. The Conservative Party is often seen as the main right-wing party in the UK.

右翼强调个人自由、自由市场、有限政府和传统社会价值观。保守党通常被视为英国主要的右翼政党。

Party system refers to the number of parties that have a realistic chance of forming a government. The UK historically has a two-party system, although devolution and coalition governments have introduced multi-party dynamics.

政党制度指有现实可能组建政府的政党数量。英国历史上是两党制，但权力下放和联合政府的出现引入了多党动态。

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5. Pressure Groups and Lobbying | 压力集团与游说

Pressure group is an organised body that seeks to influence government policy without seeking to win elected office. They can be sectional, defending the interests of a particular group, or promotional, campaigning around a specific cause.

压力集团是旨在影响政府政策但不追求赢得选举公职的有组织团体。它们可以是保护特定群体利益的局部性集团，也可以是围绕特定事业开展运动的倡导性集团。

Insider group enjoys regular, privileged access to government decision-makers. They are often consulted during policy formation and prefer quiet lobbying behind the scenes.

局内集团享有与政府决策者的常规性和特权性接触。它们在政策制定过程中常被咨询，并偏好幕后的安静游说。

Outsider group lacks government access and relies on media campaigns, direct action and public demonstrations to attract attention. Groups like Extinction Rebellion have used high-profile protests to push environmental issues.

局外集团缺乏接触政府的渠道，依赖媒体宣传、直接行动和公众示威来吸引关注。像灭绝叛乱等团体曾采用高调抗议推动环境议题。

Lobbying is the process of attempting to influence legislators and officials directly to shape policy in a particular direction. In the UK professional lobbying is regulated by the Transparency of Lobbying Act.

游说是试图直接影响立法者和官员以使政策朝特定方向发展的过程。在英国，职业游说受到《游说透明度法》的监管。

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6. The British Constitution | 英国宪法

Codified constitution is a single written document setting out the fundamental rules of the state. The USA has a codified constitution, but the UK constitution is uncodified, drawn from multiple written and unwritten sources.

成文宪法是规定国家基本规则的单一书面文件。美国有成文宪法，但英国宪法是不成文的，源自多种成文和不成文渊源。

Parliamentary sovereignty is the principle that Parliament is the supreme legal authority in the UK and can create or repeal any law. No Parliament can bind its successors.

议会主权是英国议会为最高法律权威并可制定或废除任何法律的原则。任何议会都不得约束其后届议会。

Rule of law holds that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. It requires laws to be clear, publicly accessible and applied evenly by independent courts.

法治主张每个人（包括政府）都受法律约束。它要求法律明确、公开可得，并由独立的法院平等适用。

Constitutional conventions are non-legal rules that are considered binding because they are accepted as the proper way of doing things. For example, the monarch always gives Royal Assent to legislation.

宪法惯例是没有法律效力但因其被接受为正当行事方式而被视为具有约束力的规则。例如，君主总是对立法给予御准。

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7. Parliament and the Legislative Process | 议会与立法程序

Bicameral legislature consists of two chambers. The UK Parliament comprises the House of Commons, whose members are elected, and the House of Lords, whose membership is mainly appointed.

两院制立法机构由两个议院组成。英国议会由经选举产生的下议院和主要经任命产生的上议院组成。

Backbench MP is a Member of Parliament who does not hold a ministerial or shadow ministerial position. Backbenchers can influence legislation through select committees and private members’ bills.

后座议员指未担任大臣或影子大臣职务的议员。后座议员可通过特别委员会和私人议员议案影响立法。

Whip is a party official responsible for ensuring members attend and vote according to party lines. The term also refers to the weekly instruction sent to MPs detailing upcoming business.

Published by TutorHao | AS 政治 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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