GCSE AQA Music: Quick-Reference Formulas and Principles | GCSE AQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册

📚 GCSE AQA Music: Quick-Reference Formulas and Principles | GCSE AQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册

This quick-reference guide brings together the essential ‘formulas’ and principles you need for GCSE AQA Music. From interval patterns and scale construction to chord building and cadential rules, these compact patterns will help you analyse, compose and perform with confidence. Each section pairs a concise English explanation with a parallel Chinese version, ensuring clarity for bilingual learners.

本速查手册汇集了GCSE AQA音乐所需的核心“公式”与原则。从音程模式、音阶构建到和弦构成与终止规则，这些精炼的模式将帮助你自信地进行分析、作曲与演奏。每个部分都配以简明的英文解释与中文对照，确保双语学习者清晰理解。

1. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式

A major scale follows a fixed pattern of whole tones (W) and semitones (H): W-W-H-W-W-W-H. Starting on any note, applying this sequence produces the major scale. On a keyboard, a semitone is the distance between two adjacent keys, and a whole tone equals two semitones.

大调音阶遵循固定的全音（W）与半音（H）模式：W-W-H-W-W-W-H。从任意音开始，应用这个序列即可得到大调音阶。在键盘上，半音是相邻两键之间的距离，全音等于两个半音。

2. Natural Minor Scale Formula | 自然小调音阶公式

The natural minor scale uses the tone-semitone pattern: W-H-W-W-H-W-W. Compared to its relative major, it begins on the sixth degree and shares the same key signature. The lowered third, sixth and seventh degrees create the characteristic minor sound.

自然小调音阶采用全音-半音模式：W-H-W-W-H-W-W。与其关系大调相比，它起始于第六级音，并使用相同的调号。降低的第三、第六和第七级音创造了小调特有的音响效果。

3. Key Signature Circle of Fifths Formula | 五度圈调号公式

For sharp keys, each clockwise step adds one sharp: Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle. For flat keys, move counterclockwise: Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles’ Father. The order of sharps is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯; flats appear in reverse: B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭. The relative minor is a minor third below the major tonic.

升号调每顺时针一步增加一个升号：Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle。降号调则逆时针移动：Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles’ Father。升号出现的顺序为 F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯；降号顺序相反：B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭。关系小调位于主音下方小三度。

4. Interval Identification Formula | 音程识别公式

Count the letter names to find the interval number, then determine the quality using semitone counts. In a major scale, all intervals from the tonic are major or perfect. Minor intervals are one semitone smaller than major; diminished intervals are one semitone smaller than perfect or minor; augmented intervals are one semitone larger than major or perfect.

先数音符名得出音程度数，再用半音数确定性质。在大调音阶中，从主音向上的所有音程都是大音程或纯音程。小音程比大音程少一个半音；减音程比纯音程或小音程少一个半音；增音程比大音程或纯音程多一个半音。

5. Chord Construction Formulas | 和弦构成公式

Build triads by stacking thirds. A major triad consists of a root, a major third (4 semitones) and a perfect fifth (7 semitones). A minor triad has a root, a minor third (3 semitones) and a perfect fifth. Diminished triads lower the fifth to a diminished fifth (6 semitones); augmented triads raise the fifth to an augmented fifth (8 semitones).

通过叠加三度构建三和弦。大三和弦由根音、大三度（4个半音）和纯五度（7个半音）组成。小三和弦包含根音、小三度（3个半音）和纯五度。减三和弦将五音降低为减五度（6个半音）；增三和弦将五音升高为增五度（8个半音）。

6. Seventh Chord Formulas | 七和弦公式

A dominant seventh adds a minor seventh (10 semitones) above the root of a major triad. A major seventh has a major seventh (11 semitones). A minor seventh combines a minor triad with a minor seventh. A diminished seventh stacks minor thirds, resulting in a diminished seventh interval (9 semitones above the root).

属七和弦在大三和弦基础上增加一个小七度（根音上方10个半音）。大七和弦包含一个大七度（11个半音）。小七和弦由小三和弦加小七度构成。减七和弦叠加小三度，形成减七度音程（根音上方9个半音）。

7. Cadence Formulas | 终止式公式

A perfect cadence goes V-I, creating a strong sense of closure. A plagal cadence is IV-I (the ‘Amen’ cadence). An imperfect cadence ends on V, often preceded by I, ii or IV. An interrupted cadence moves V-vi, deflecting the expected resolution. These formulas are fundamental to phrase structure.

完全终止为 V-I，产生强烈的收束感。变格终止为 IV-I（“阿们”终止）。不完全终止结束在 V 上，前面常接 I、ii 或 IV。阻碍终止进行到 V-vi，偏离了预期的解决。这些公式对乐句结构至关重要。

8. Rhythm and Metre Formulas | 节奏与节拍公式

Simple time signatures have a beat that divides into two equal parts (e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4). Compound time signatures have a dotted beat that divides into three (e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8). The top number indicates beats per bar in compound time, while the bottom number gives the note value of each beat division.

单拍子每拍可以二等分（如2/4、3/4、4/4）。复拍子以附点音符为一拍，每拍三等分（如6/8、9/8、12/8）。复拍子中，上方数字表示每小节的拍数，下方数字表示每拍所分音符的时值。

9. Metronome Mark and Tempo Formulas | 节拍器标记与速度公式

Tempo is measured in beats per minute (BPM). A marking such as ♩ = 120 means 120 crotchet beats per minute. In compound time, the dotted beat is often used, e.g. ♩. = 72. Converting between tempi: new tempo = old tempo × (old beat / new beat).

速度以每分钟拍数（BPM）衡量。标记如 ♩ = 120 表示每分钟120个四分音符拍。在复拍子中常用附点音符，如 ♩. = 72。速度转换公式：新速度 = 原速度 ×（原节拍单位 / 新节拍单位）。

10. Transposition Formulas | 移调公式

To transpose a melody up a perfect fifth, move each note up 7 semitones and adjust the key signature accordingly. Common transposing instruments: B♭ instruments sound a tone lower than written; E♭ instruments sound a minor third higher (or major sixth lower). To write for a B♭ clarinet, notate a major second higher than the desired concert pitch.

将旋律向上移调纯五度，需将每个音升高7个半音，并相应调整调号。常见移调乐器：B♭调乐器发音比记谱低一个大二度；E♭调乐器发音比记谱高小三度（或低大六度）。为B♭单簧管写作时，记谱音要比实际音高大二度。

11. Melodic Decoration Formulas | 旋律装饰公式

Passing notes connect two chord tones by step. Auxiliary notes move stepwise away from and back to the same chord tone. Appoggiaturas leap to a dissonance and resolve by step. Suspensions hold a note from the previous chord into the next, then resolve downwards by step. Each pattern has a specific preparation–dissonance–resolution formula.

经过音用级进连接两个和弦音。辅助音从同一和弦音级进离开又返回。倚音跳进到不协和音后级进解决。延留音将前一和弦的音延续到下一和弦，再向下级进解决。每种模式都有特定的准备-不协和-解决公式。

12. Texture and Dynamics Shorthand | 织体与力度简记公式

Texture types: monophonic (single line), homophonic (melody plus chords), polyphonic (independent lines), heterophonic (simultaneous variations of a line). Dynamic markings follow a standard gradient: pp < p < mp < mf < f < ff, with crescendo (). These symbols act as interpretative instructions.

织体类型：单声部（单旋律线）、主调织体（旋律加和弦）、复调（独立声部）、支声复调（同一旋律的同时变体）。力度标记遵循标准梯度：pp < p < mp < mf < f < ff，伴有渐强（）。这些符号充当演奏指令。

Published by TutorHao | Music Revision Series | aleveler.com

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