📚 GCSE AQA PE Key Terminology Quick Guide | GCSE AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for GCSE AQA Physical Education. This quick guide breaks down crucial terms across all topics in the specification – from anatomy and physiology to sport psychology and well-being. Each English definition is followed by its Chinese translation to support bilingual learning and rapid recall ahead of assessments.
掌握关键术语是学好 GCSE AQA 体育的基础。这份速记指南梳理了考纲中所有重要主题的核心术语——从解剖生理到运动心理学和健康福祉。每一个英文定义都配有中文翻译，帮助你双语学习、快速记忆，轻松应对考试。
1. Skeletal System and Joint Movements | 骨骼系统与关节运动
Key joint movement terms: Flexion – bending a joint to decrease the angle (e.g. elbow flexion). Extension – straightening a joint to increase the angle (e.g. knee extension). Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction – movement towards the midline. Rotation – circular movement around a central point. Circumduction – combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction producing a cone-shaped movement.
关键关节运动术语：屈曲——弯曲关节减小角度（如屈肘）。伸展——伸直关节增大角度（如伸膝）。外展——远离身体中线的运动。内收——移向身体中线的运动。旋转——围绕中心点的圆周运动。环转——结合屈、伸、外展和内收，形成圆锥状的运动。
Bone types and their roles: Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus) act as levers for movement. Short bones (e.g. carpals in the wrist) provide fine, controlled movements. Flat bones (e.g. ribs, cranium) protect internal organs. Irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae) offer protection and support with complex shapes. Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella) reduce friction across joints.
骨骼类型及其作用：长骨（如股骨、肱骨）发挥杠杆作用促进运动。短骨（如腕骨）提供精细可控的动作。扁骨（如肋骨、颅骨）保护内部器官。不规则骨（如椎骨）以复杂的形状提供保护与支撑。籽骨（如髌骨）减少关节间的摩擦。
2. Muscular System and Muscle Contractions | 肌肉系统与肌肉收缩
Antagonistic pairs: The agonist (prime mover) is the muscle that contracts to create movement. The antagonist relaxes to allow the movement and opposes the agonist. For example, during a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist while the triceps brachii is the antagonist.
拮抗肌群：主动肌（原动肌）是收缩产生运动的肌肉。拮抗肌放松以允许运动，并产生相反作用。例如，在肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌为主动肌，肱三头肌为拮抗肌。
Types of muscle contraction: Isotonic contractions involve movement and change in muscle length – concentric (shortening under tension, e.g. lifting phase) and eccentric (lengthening under tension, e.g. lowering phase). Isometric contractions involve tension without any visible movement or change in length, such as holding a plank position.
肌肉收缩类型：等张收缩涉及运动及肌纤维长度变化——向心收缩（张力下缩短，如上举阶段）和离心收缩（张力下伸长，如下放阶段）。等长收缩则是在无可见运动或长度变化下产生张力，例如平板支撑。
3. Cardiovascular System Key Terms | 心血管系统关键术语
Heart rate (HR) is the number of times the heart beats per minute. Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV, representing the total volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute. At rest, Q is about 5 L/min; during exercise it rises dramatically.
心率（HR）是每分钟心脏跳动的次数。每搏输出量（SV）是左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。心输出量（Q）= HR × SV，表示心脏每分钟射出的总血量。安静时Q约5升/分，运动时显著增加。
Vascular shunt mechanism: During exercise, arterioles supplying working muscles vasodilate to increase blood flow, while arterioles to organs such as the gut vasoconstrict to redirect blood where it is most needed. This redistribution is controlled by the vasomotor centre in the brain.
血管分流机制：运动中，供应工作肌肉的小动脉扩张以增加血流，而供应肠道等器官的小动脉收缩，将血液重新分配到最需要的地方。这种重新分配由大脑中的血管运动中枢调控。
4. Respiratory System Key Terms | 呼吸系统关键术语
Breathing rate (or respiratory rate) is the number of breaths taken per minute. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath. Minute ventilation (VE) = tidal volume × breathing rate, representing the total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute. Both rate and depth increase during exercise.
呼吸频率（呼吸速率）是每分钟呼吸的次数。潮气量是每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。每分通气量（VE）= 潮气量 × 呼吸频率，表示每分钟进出肺部的空气总量。运动时呼吸频率和深度都会增加。
Gaseous exchange occurs at the alveoli and muscle cells. At the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. At the muscles, oxygen moves from blood to cells, while carbon dioxide moves from cells to blood. This process relies on concentration gradients (high to low).
气体交换发生在肺泡和肌细胞处。在肺部，氧气从肺泡扩散入血液，二氧化碳从血液扩散入肺泡。在肌肉处，氧气从血液进入细胞，二氧化碳从细胞进入血液。该过程依赖浓度梯度（从高到低扩散）。
5. Planes and Axes of Movement | 运动平面与轴
Planes: Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves; movements here include flexion and extension, e.g. running forward. Frontal plane divides body into front and back; movements include abduction and adduction, e.g. star jumps. Transverse plane divides body into upper and lower; movements include rotation, e.g. a discus spin.
平面：矢状面将身体分为左右两部分，该平面的运动包括屈曲和伸展，如向前跑动。额状面（冠状面）将身体分为前后部分，运动包括外展和内收，如开合跳。横断面将身体分为上下两部分，运动包括旋转，如掷铁饼的旋转。
Axes: The frontal axis runs side to side and pairs with the sagittal plane (e.g. forward roll). The sagittal axis runs front to back and works with the frontal plane (e.g. cartwheel). The vertical axis runs top to bottom and pairs with the transverse plane (e.g. ice skating spin).
轴：额状轴左右走向，与矢状面配合（如前滚翻）。矢状轴前后走向，与额状面配合（如侧手翻）。垂直轴上下走向，与横断面配合（如冰上旋转）。
6. Lever Systems | 杠杆系统
A lever consists of a rigid bar (bone), a fulcrum (joint), effort (muscle force) and load (resistance/weight). First class lever: fulcrum is between load and effort, e.g. nodding the head (atlanto-occipital joint). Second class lever: load is between fulcrum and effort, provides mechanical advantage, e.g. standing on tiptoes (ball of foot as fulcrum). Third class lever: effort lies between fulcrum and load, favoured for speed and range of movement, e.g. bicep curl at the elbow.
一个杠杆系统由刚性杆（骨）、支点（关节）、动力（肌肉力）和阻力（负荷／重量）组成。第一类杠杆：支点在负荷与动力之间，如点头动作（寰枕关节）。第二类杠杆：负荷在支点和动力之间，具有机械利益，如踮脚尖（脚掌球为支点）。第三类杠杆：动力在支点和负荷之间，有利于速度和运动幅度，如肘部的肱二头肌弯举。
Mechanical advantage = effort arm ÷ resistance arm. When the effort arm is longer than the resistance arm, the lever can move a heavy load easily (second class). When the resistance arm is longer, a greater force is needed but a larger range and speed can be achieved (third class).
机械利益 = 动力臂 ÷ 阻力臂。当动力臂长于阻力臂时，杠杆可以轻松移动重负荷（第二类杠杆）。当阻力臂较长时，需要更大的力，但能获得更大的运动幅度和速度（第三类杠杆）。
7. Components of Fitness and Testing | 体能要素与测试
Health-related components: Cardiovascular endurance (ability of heart and lungs to supply oxygen), muscular endurance (repeated muscle contractions), muscular strength (maximal force), flexibility (range of motion around a joint), body composition (proportion of fat to lean mass).
健康相关体能要素：心血管耐力（心、肺供应氧气的能力），肌肉耐力（肌肉反复收缩的能力），肌肉力量（最大力量），柔韧性（关节活动范围），身体成分（脂肪与去脂体重的比例）。
Skill-related components: Agility – change direction quickly; balance – maintain centre of mass; coordination – use two or more body parts smoothly; power – strength × speed; reaction time – time to respond to a stimulus; speed – move quickly over a distance.
技能相关体能要素：敏捷性——快速改变方向；平衡——维持身体重心；协调性——流畅地运用两个或多个身体部位；爆发力——力量 × 速度；反应时——对刺激做出反应的时间；速度——快速移动一段距离。
Fitness tests examples: Multi-stage fitness test (bleep test) for cardiovascular endurance; sit and reach test for flexibility; handgrip dynamometer for grip strength; 30 m sprint test for speed; Illinois agility run for agility; vertical jump test for power.
体能测试举例：多阶段体能测试（哔哔测试）测心血管耐力；坐位体前屈测试柔韧性；握力计测握力；30米冲刺测试速度；伊利诺伊敏捷跑测敏捷性；纵跳测试爆发力。
8. Principles and Methods of Training | 训练原则与方法
SPORT principles: Specificity – training must match the sport or goal; Progression – gradually increase intensity; Overload – work harder than normal (use FITT); Reversibility – fitness declines if training stops; Tedium – variety prevents boredom.
SPORT 原则：针对性——训练必须与运动项目或目标匹配；渐进性——逐步增加强度；超负荷——超出正常水平训练（运用FITT）；可逆性——一旦停止训练，体能会下降；挑战性——多样化避免枯燥。
FITT formula for overload: Frequency – how often; Intensity – how hard; Time – how long each session; Type – method of training. For example, increasing frequency to 4 sessions a week or adding resistance to increase intensity.
超负荷的FITT公式：频率——训练频次；强度——训练难度；时间——每次持续时长；类型——训练方法。例如，将频率增加到每周4次或增加阻力提高强度。
Training methods: Continuous – steady moderate exercise, e.g. jogging; Fartlek – speed play with varied pace; Interval – periods of work and rest; Circuit – stations with different exercises; Weight training – using free weights or machines; Plyometrics – explosive jumps to build power.
训练方法：持续训练——稳定中等强度运动，如慢跑；法特莱克训练——变换速度的速度游戏；间歇训练——训练与休息交替；循环训练——不同练习站轮换；负重训练——使用自由重量或器械；增强式训练——爆发性跳跃以提升爆发力。
9. Skill Classification and Guidance | 技能分类与指导
Skills can be classified along continua: Open-closed – open skills are affected by changing environment (e.g. a pass in football); closed skills are performed in predictable settings (e.g. a tennis serve). Gross-fine – gross skills use large muscle groups (jumping), fine skills use small muscle groups (darts throwing). Self-paced vs externally-paced – self-paced is controlled by performer, externally-paced is controlled by external factors.
技能可按连续统一体分类：开放性—封闭性——开放技能受变化环境的影响（如足球传球），封闭技能在可预测环境中完成（如网球发球）。粗大—精细——粗大技能使用大肌群（跳跃），精细技能使用小肌群（掷飞镖）。自我节奏—外部节奏——自我节奏由运动员掌控，外部节奏由外部因素控制。
Discrete, serial, continuous: Discrete skills have a clear beginning and end (a penalty kick). Serial skills link several discrete actions together (a gymnastics routine). Continuous skills have no clear beginning or end (cycling).
分立、序列、连续技能：分立技能有明显开始和结束（如罚点球）。序列技能将几个分立动作串联（如体操成套）。连续技能没有明显的开始和结束（如自行车骑行）。
Types of guidance: Visual – demonstration, diagrams; Verbal – coaching instructions; Manual – physical support; Mechanical – use of equipment (e.g. floats in swimming). The best guidance depends on the learner’s stage and type of skill.
指导类型：视觉指导——示范、图示；语言指导——教练口头指示；手动指导——身体扶持；器械指导——使用器具（如游泳浮板）。最佳指导方式取决于学习者的阶段和技能类型。
10. Information Processing and Feedback | 信息处理与反馈
Basic information processing model: Input (information from senses), Decision making (brain selects appropriate response), Output (muscles execute the movement), Feedback (information received about the output). Feedback feeds back into input and can influence future decisions.
基本的信息处理模型：输入（感官获取信息），决策（大脑选择适当的反应），输出（肌肉执行动作），反馈（关于输出结果的信息）。反馈会回到输入并影响未来的决策。
Types of feedback: Intrinsic – from the performer’s own senses (kinaesthetic feel). Extrinsic – from external sources such as a coach. Knowledge of results – outcome of performance (e.g. goal scored). Knowledge of performance – quality of the movement itself. Concurrent feedback – given during performance. Terminal feedback – given after performance.
反馈类型：内在反馈——来自运动员自身感受（动觉）。外在反馈——来自教练等外部来源。结果反馈——表现的结果（如得分）。过程反馈——动作本身的质量。同步反馈——运动过程中给予；终末反馈——运动结束后给予。
11. Sport Psychology: Motivation and Arousal | 运动心理学：动机与唤醒
Intrinsic motivation comes from within – personal satisfaction, enjoyment, pride. Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards – trophies, money, praise. Both influence performance; intrinsic motivation tends to lead to more sustained participation.
内在动机来自内部——个人满足感、乐趣、自豪感。外在动机来自外部奖励——奖杯、金钱、表扬。两者都会影响表现；内在动机往往带来更持久的参与。
Arousal is the level of excitement and readiness. The inverted-U theory states that performance increases as arousal rises to an optimal point, then decreases if arousal becomes too high. Different sports and personality types require different optimal levels of arousal. For fine skills, lower arousal is better; for gross, powerful skills, higher arousal benefits performance.
唤醒是指兴奋和准备的程度。倒U型理论认为，随着唤醒水平升高，表现会提升到最佳点，若唤醒过高则表现下降。不同运动和个性类型需要不同的最佳唤醒水平。精细技能需要较低唤醒；粗大、爆发性技能在较高唤醒下表现更好。
12. Health, Nutrition and Injury Prevention | 健康、营养与损伤预防
Macronutrients: Carbohydrates – main energy source, stored as glycogen; Fats – slow-release energy and insulation; Proteins – muscle repair and growth. Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals support body functions, e.g. calcium for bone strength, iron for haemoglobin.
宏量营养素：碳水化合物——主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存；脂肪——缓慢释放能量以及保温；蛋白质——肌肉修复与生长。微量营养素：维生素和矿物质支持身体功能，如钙维持骨骼强度，铁参与血红蛋白合成。
Hydration: Water regulates body temperature through sweating. Dehydration reduces blood volume, increases heart rate and body temperature, and impairs performance. Rehydration with water or isotonic drinks is vital before, during and after exercise.
水分：水通过出汗调节体温。脱水会减少血量、升高心率和体温并削弱运动表现。运动前、中、后用水或等渗饮料补液至关重要。
Injury prevention and management: RICE – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (for soft tissue injuries). A warm-up raises heart rate, increases flexibility and mental preparation; a cool-down aids removal of lactic acid and reduces muscle soreness. Identify hazards and use correct equipment to minimise risk.
损伤预防与处理：RICE——休息、冰敷、加压、抬高（用于软组织损伤）。热身提升心率、增加柔韧性并做好心理准备；整理活动帮助排除乳酸、减轻肌肉酸痛。识别危险并使用正确器材以降低风险。
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