📚 GCSE CCEA Philosophy: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | GCSE CCEA 哲学：关键词汇速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology is essential for success in CCEA GCSE Philosophy. This guide breaks down the core vocabulary, pairing clear definitions with memorable mnemonics, word origins, and visual associations. By linking each term to a simple mental hook, you will recall them confidently under exam pressure. All key areas of the specification are covered, from arguments for God’s existence to ethical dilemmas.
在 CCEA GCSE 哲学考试中，精准掌握术语是取得高分的关键。本指南将核心词汇分解为清晰定义，并配以易记的助记符、词源与形象联想。将每个术语与简单的思维挂钩相连，你就能在考试压力下自信回忆。涵盖考纲所有关键领域，从上帝存在的论证到伦理困境。
1. Theism, Atheism, Agnosticism | 有神论、无神论、不可知论
Theist – A person who believes that God exists. Think of ‘the-‘ as pointing to ‘the one’ divine being. Theists may belong to a specific religion or simply hold a personal belief in a higher power.
有神论者 – 相信上帝存在的人。把 ‘the-‘ 联想为指向 ‘那一位’ 神圣存在。有神论者可能信仰特定宗教，也可能仅个人相信更高力量。
Atheist – Someone who does not believe that God exists. The prefix ‘a-‘ means ‘without’, just like ‘amoral’ means without morals. An atheist lives without the concept of a deity.
无神论者 – 不相信上帝存在的人。前缀 ‘a-‘ 表示 ‘没有’，就像 ‘amoral’ 表示无道德。无神论者生活中没有神的概念。
Agnostic – A person who is unsure whether God exists or believes it is impossible to know. Break it into ‘a-‘ (without) and ‘gnostic’ (knowledge). An agnostic says ‘I don’t know and maybe we can’t know’.
不可知论者 – 不确定上帝是否存在，或认为不可能知道的人。拆解为 ‘a-‘（没有）与 ‘gnostic’（知识）。不可知论者认为 ‘我不知道，也许我们无法得知’。
2. Divine Attributes: Omnipotent, Omniscient, Omnibenevolent | 神圣属性：全能的、全知的、全善的
Omnipotent – All-powerful. ‘Omni’ means ‘all’, and ‘potent’ relates to power (like a potent medicine). God can do anything that is logically possible. A quick memory trick: imagine an ‘omni-potent’ superhero who can lift the whole universe.
全能的 – 无所不能。 ‘Omni’ 意为 ‘全部’，’potent’ 与力量相关（如强效药物）。上帝能做一切逻辑上可能的事。快速记忆窍门：想象一位 ‘omni-potent’ 超级英雄能举起整个宇宙。
Omniscient – All-knowing. ‘Omni’ + ‘scient’ (think of ‘science’ or ‘conscious’). God knows everything – past, present and future. Remember: ‘Science’ seeks knowledge, and God’s knowledge is complete.
全知的 – 无所不知。 ‘Omni’ + ‘scient’（联想 ‘science’ 科学或 ‘conscious’ 意识）。上帝知晓一切——过去、现在、未来。记住：’科学’ 追求知识，而上帝的知识是完备的。
Omnibenevolent – All-loving or all-good. ‘Omni’ + ‘benevolent’ (bene = good, volent = willing). God’s goodness is unlimited. Link to ‘benefit’ or ‘benefactor’ – someone who does good.
全善的 – 全爱或至善。 ‘Omni’ + ‘benevolent’（bene = 善，volent = 意愿）。上帝的良善无限。联系 ‘benefit’ 益处或 ‘benefactor’ 恩人——行善之人。
3. Cosmological Argument: First Cause & Uncaused Cause | 宇宙论论证：第一因与非因之因
Cosmological Argument – An argument for God’s existence based on the idea that the universe must have a cause. ‘Cosmos’ means universe. The argument traces everything back to a first starting point to avoid an infinite chain of causes.
宇宙论论证 – 基于宇宙必有起因的观点来论证上帝存在。 ‘Cosmos’ 意为宇宙。该论证追溯万物至最初的起点，以规避因果链的无限回溯。
First Cause – The initial uncaused agent that began everything. Aquinas called it the ‘Unmoved Mover’. Imagine a line of dominoes: the first one must be pushed by something outside the chain. That pusher is the First Cause, which believers identify as God.
第一因 – 启动一切的最初非受动因。阿奎那称之为 ‘不动的推动者’。想象一排多米诺骨牌：第一枚必须由链条之外的某物推倒。那个推动者就是第一因，信徒认为即上帝。
Infinite Regress – The idea of going back forever without a starting point. The cosmological argument claims an infinite regress is impossible because it would mean no beginning. Think of ‘regress’ as ‘going backwards’ indefinitely – like a train with no locomotive.
无限回溯 – 没有起点、永无休止地向后追溯的概念。宇宙论论证声称无限回溯不可能，因为那意味着没有开端。把 ‘regress’ 视为无限 ‘后退’ ——像一列没有车头的火车。
4. Teleological (Design) Argument | 目的论（设计）论证
Teleological Argument – The argument from design. The root ‘telos’ means ‘purpose’ or ‘end’. It claims the complexity and order in the universe point to an intelligent designer. Think of ‘teleological’ as seeing purpose in everything, like a telephone has the purpose of communication.
目的论论证 – 基于设计的论证。词根 ‘telos’ 意为 ‘目的’ 或 ‘终点’。它主张宇宙的复杂与秩序指向一位智慧设计者。把 ‘teleological’ 看作万事皆有目的，如同电话（telephone）的目的在于通讯。
Paley’s Watch Analogy – William Paley argued that if you found a watch on a heath, its intricate mechanism would lead you to infer a watchmaker. Similarly, the natural world’s complexity implies a divine designer. Remember: ‘If there’s a watch, there’s a watchmaker’.
佩里的手表类比 – 威廉·佩里提出，若你在荒野发现一块手表，其精密机构会让你推断必有一位制表师。同理，自然界的复杂暗示着一位神圣设计师。记住：’有表必有制表师’。
Design qua Purpose – Things appear designed to fulfil a specific purpose, like the eye is for seeing. The term ‘qua’ is Latin for ‘in the capacity of’. So ‘design qua purpose’ means design seen as fulfilling a goal.
目的性设计 – 事物似乎被设计来实现特定目的，如眼睛为了看。 ‘qua’ 是拉丁语，意为 ‘作为’。所以 ‘目的性设计’ 指作为实现目标而看到的设计。
5. The Problem of Evil: Moral and Natural Evil | 苦难问题：道德恶与自然恶
Moral Evil – Suffering caused by human actions, such as murder, theft or bullying. It results from the misuse of free will. The word ‘moral’ points to human morality and choice. Remember: moral evil = man-made evil.
道德恶 – 由人类行为造成的苦难，如谋杀、盗窃或欺凌。源于自由意志的误用。 ‘moral’ 一词指向人类道德与选择。记住：道德恶 = 人祸。
Natural Evil – Suffering caused by nature, like earthquakes, tsunamis and disease. There is no human agent directly responsible. Think of ‘natural’ as nature’s own destructive power. The problem: why would a loving God allow such disasters?
自然恶 – 由自然造成的苦难，如地震、海啸和疾病。没有直接负责任的人类主体。把 ‘natural’ 视为大自然自身的破坏力。问题在于：慈爱的上帝为何允许这类灾难？
Inconsistent Triad – The logical problem that God cannot be omnipotent, omnibenevolent and yet allow evil to exist. If God is all-powerful and all-loving, evil should not exist. The triad forces believers to question one of these attributes. Visualise a triangle with ‘God’s power’, ‘God’s goodness’ and ‘Existence of evil’; you can only pick two corners that consistently coexist.
不一致三元组 – 逻辑困境：上帝不能同时是全能的、全善的，却又允许恶存在。如果上帝全能全善，恶便不应存在。这个三元组迫使信徒质疑其中一个属性。想象一个三角形，顶点分别为 ‘上帝的全能’、’上帝的全善’ 与 ‘恶的存在’；你只能和谐地选取其中两个。
6. Free Will Defence and Soul-Making Theodicy | 自由意志辩护与灵魂塑造神义论
Free Will Defence – The argument that God gave humans free will, and moral evil is a consequence of misusing that freedom. A world with free beings who sometimes choose wrongly is better than a world of robots. The cost of genuine love is the possibility of rejection and harm.
自由意志辩护 – 论证上帝赋予人类自由意志，道德恶是滥用自由的后果。拥有时而做错选择的自由存有者的世界，优于全是机器人的世界。真实之爱的代价是存在拒绝和伤害的可能。
Soul-Making Theodicy – Developed by Irenaeus and later John Hick. This view states that evil and suffering help humans grow spiritually and develop virtues like courage and compassion. The world is a ‘vale of soul-making’. Remember: suffering shapes the soul like fire tempers steel.
灵魂塑造神义论 – 由爱任纽提出，后由约翰·希克发展。该观点认为，恶与苦难帮助人类灵性成长，培养勇气与同情等美德。世界是 ‘灵魂塑造之谷’。记住：苦难塑造灵魂，如烈火淬炼钢铁。
Theodicy – Any attempt to justify God’s goodness in the face of evil. The term combines ‘theo’ (God) and ‘dike’ (justice). A theodicy is literally a ‘justification of God’.
神义论 – 任何在恶存在的情况下为上帝良善辩护的尝试。该词由 ‘theo’（神）与 ‘dike’（正义）组合。神义论字面即 ‘为上帝辩护’。
7. Sanctity of Life vs Quality of Life | 生命的神圣性与生命质量
Sanctity of Life – The belief that all human life is inherently sacred and valuable because it is given by God. It is not ours to take away. The word ‘sanctity’ shares the root with ‘sacred’. Many religious believers apply this to argue against abortion and euthanasia.
生命神圣性 – 相信一切人类生命因其为上帝所赐而内在地神圣和有价值。无权由人夺走。’sanctity’ 与 ‘sacred’（神圣）同根。许多宗教信徒以此反对堕胎与安乐死。
Quality of Life – The idea that life’s value depends on its characteristics, such as freedom from pain, consciousness and ability to interact. A life of very low quality might not be worth living. Remember: ‘quality’ implies a measurable standard, not an absolute sacredness.
生命质量 – 这一观点认为生命的价值取决于其特性，如免于痛苦、有意识与互动能力。极低质量的生 活可能不值得活。记住：’质量’ 意味着可衡量的标准，而非绝对的神圣。
Personhood – The status of being a person with full moral rights. Philosophers debate when personhood begins: at conception, at birth, or when consciousness develops. The term links to ‘person’ and implies moral consideration.
人格性 – 具有完全道德权利的人的身份。哲学家争论人格性始于何时：受孕时、出生时，还是意识形成时。该词与 ‘person’（人）关联，并暗示应受道德考量。
8. Euthanasia and Abortion Terminology | 安乐死与堕胎术语
Euthanasia – Derived from Greek ‘eu’ (good) and ‘thanatos’ (death), so ‘good death’. It refers to deliberately ending a life to relieve suffering. In exams, distinguish between types: voluntary, non-voluntary, active and passive.
安乐死 – 源自希腊语 ‘eu’（好）与 ‘thanatos’（死亡），意为 ‘好的死亡’。指为解除痛苦而蓄意结束生命。考试中需区分类型：自愿、非自愿、主动与被动。
Active Euthanasia – Taking direct action to cause death, such as a lethal injection. Think ‘active’ – you actively do something. Passive Euthanasia – Withdrawing or withholding treatment, allowing the person to die naturally. ‘Passive’ means doing nothing.
主动安乐死 – 采取直接行动导致死亡，如注射致死药物。想想 ‘主动’——你主动做了某事。被动安乐死 – 撤去或停止治疗，让人自然死亡。’被动’ 意味着什么也不做。
Abortion – The deliberate termination of a pregnancy. UK law allows abortion under certain conditions. Key terms: ‘pro-life’ (against abortion, prioritising sanctity of life) and ‘pro-choice’ (supporting a woman’s right to choose). The ‘foetus’ is the developing human from about eight weeks after conception.
堕胎 – 蓄意终止妊娠。英国法律在一定条件下允许堕胎。关键术语：’pro-life’（反堕胎，优先生命神圣性）与 ‘pro-choice’（支持女性选择权）。’胎儿’ 指受孕后约八周起的发育中人类。
9. Just War Theory and Pacifism | 正义战争论与和平主义
Just War Theory – A set of criteria determining when it is morally acceptable to go to war and how to conduct war. The principles come from thinkers like Augustine and Aquinas. It is split into ‘jus ad bellum’ (right to go to war), ‘jus in bello’ (right conduct in war) and ‘jus post bellum’ (justice after war).
正义战争论 – 一套判定何时可以正当动武及如何作战的准则。原则来自奥古斯丁、阿奎那等思想家。分为 ‘jus ad bellum’（开战正义）、’jus in bello’（交战正义）和 ‘jus post bellum’（战后正义）。
Jus ad bellum – Conditions for a just war: legitimate authority, just cause, right intention, last resort, proportionality, reasonable chance of success. The Latin ‘jus’ means law or right; ‘ad bellum’ = to war. A clever mnemonic: ‘Just Cause And Last Resort, Proportionality, Authority, Success’.
开战正义 – 正义战争的先决条件：合法权威、正当理由、正当意图、最后手段、相称性、合理成功机会。拉丁语 ‘jus’ 意为法或权利；’ad bellum’ = 走向战争。巧记：’正当理由和最后手段、相称、权威、成功’。
Pacifism – Opposition to war and violence. ‘Pacem’ is Latin for peace. Absolute pacifists reject all war; conditional pacifists accept war only in extreme self-defence. Remember: ‘pacify’ means to make peaceful, so a pacifist seeks to pacify conflicts without violence.
和平主义 – 反对战争与暴力。拉丁语 ‘pacem’ 意为和平。绝对和平主义者反对一切战争；条件和平主义者仅在极端自卫时接受战争。记住：’pacify’ 意为使平静，和平主义者寻求不流血地平息冲突。
10. Conscience and Moral Decision-Making | 良心与道德决策
Conscience – An inner sense of right and wrong, often described as the voice of God or the result of reasoning. The word comes from ‘con-‘ (with) and ‘scientia’ (knowledge). Think of conscience as ‘acting with knowledge’ of moral law.
良心 – 一种内在的是非感，常被描述为上帝的声音或理性的结果。该词源于 ‘con-‘（共同、带着）与 ‘scientia’（知识）。将良心想作 ‘带着道德律的知识行动’。
Aquinas on Conscience – Aquinas saw conscience as ‘reason making right decisions’, not a separate voice. Conscience is a rational act applying moral principles to situations. For Aquinas, you must always follow your conscience, even if it is mistaken, because it represents your best judgement.
阿奎那论良心 – 阿奎那认为良心是 ‘理性做出正确决定’，而非独立的声音。良心是将道德原则应用于情境的理性行为。对阿奎那而言，人必须永远遵从良心，即便它错了，因为它代表你最佳的判断。
Situation Ethics – Associated with Joseph Fletcher, this approach says the most loving thing (agape) should dictate moral decisions, not fixed rules. Love is the only absolute principle. Conscience is not a noun but a verb – it is the process of weighing what love demands in each unique situation.
境遇伦理 – 与约瑟夫·弗莱彻相关，该进路主张最合宜爱的举动（agape）应主导道德抉择，而非僵化规则。爱是唯一绝对原则。良心不是名词，而是动词——是在每个独特情境中权衡爱所要求的过程。
11. Revelation and Miracles | 启示与奇迹
Revelation – How God makes himself known to humans. General revelation is available to all through nature, conscience or scripture. Special revelation is a direct, personal experience, such as visions or prophets. The word ‘reveal’ means to uncover – God unhides himself.
启示 – 上帝如何向人类显明自身。普遍启示 通过自然、良心或经文向所有人开放。特殊启示 是直接的个人经历，如异象或先知。’揭示’ 意为 ‘揭开’——上帝显明自己。
Miracle – An event that appears to break the laws of nature and is attributed to divine intervention. Hume defined a miracle as ‘a violation of the laws of nature’. Critics argue miracles contradict science. Break the word: ‘mira-‘ like ‘mirror’ – a miracle reflects God’s power beyond ordinary reflection.
奇迹 – 看似违反自然规律，并被归因于神圣干预的事件。休谟定义奇迹为 ‘对自然规律的违背’。批评者认为奇迹与科学相悖。拆解词语：’mira-‘ 如 ‘mirror’（镜子）——奇迹反映出上帝的能力超越寻常反射。
Swinburne’s Principle of Testimony – Richard Swinburne argued we should accept others’ testimony about miracles unless we have strong reasons to doubt, as evidence of a miracle is stronger than the general principle that miracles are rare. This is a more open-minded approach: ‘we should trust what people report unless we have good reason not to’.
斯温伯恩的证言原则 – 理查德·斯温伯恩主张，除非有强理由怀疑，否则应接受他人对奇迹的见证，因为奇迹的证据强于 ‘奇迹罕见’ 的一般原则。这是一种更开放的进路：’除非有正当理由不信，我们应当相信人们的报告’。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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