📚 GCSE OCR French: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | GCSE OCR 法语：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your go-to revision toolkit for GCSE OCR French. Just as mathematics relies on formulas, mastering French requires a clear grasp of grammatical ‘formulas’ that underpin every sentence. This handbook distils the essential rules of verb conjugation, sentence structure, pronouns, negations, and more into concise, reusable patterns. Use these frameworks as building blocks to boost your accuracy and confidence across all four skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
欢迎使用这本 GCSE OCR 法语备考速查手册。就像数学依赖于公式一样，掌握法语也需要清晰理解支撑每个句子的语法“公式”。本手册将动词变位、句子结构、代词、否定式等核心规则浓缩成简洁、可重复使用的模式。将这些框架作为基石，能有效提升你在听、说、读、写四项技能中的准确度与自信心。
1. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位
The present tense of regular -ER, -IR, and -RE verbs follows fixed endings attached to the stem. Learning these patterns unlocks hundreds of verbs.
规则 -ER、-IR、-RE 动词的现在时是在词干后添加固定词尾。掌握这些模式就能解锁数百个动词的变位。
-ER verbs (e.g. parler) → stem parl- + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent
The formula for -ER verbs: remove -er to find the stem, then add the endings. For ‘parler’, the forms are ‘je parle, tu parles, il/elle/on parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent’. Note that the -ons and -ez endings carry a pronounced vowel.
-ER 动词的公式：去掉 -er 得到词干，然后添加词尾。以 ‘parler’ 为例，变位为 ‘je parle, tu parles, il/elle/on parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent’。注意 -ons 和 -ez 词尾包含需要发音的元音。
-IR verbs (e.g. finir) → stem fin- + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
Regular -IR verbs like ‘finir’ use the stem ‘fin-‘ and add the endings shown. Notice the plural forms insert ‘-iss-‘ before the ending, creating ‘finissons, finissez, finissent’. This iss- pattern is a hallmark of many -IR verbs.
规则 -IR 动词例如 ‘finir’，使用词干 ‘fin-‘ 加上所示词尾。注意复数形式在词尾前插入 ‘-iss-‘，形成 ‘finissons, finissez, finissent’。这种 -iss- 模式是许多 -IR 动词的标志。
-RE verbs (e.g. vendre) → stem vend- + -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent
For regular -RE verbs, the stem is obtained by removing -re. The third person singular (‘il/elle/on’) has no ending, so ‘vendre’ gives ‘il vend’. The rest follow the pattern: ‘je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent’.
规则 -RE 动词去掉 -re 得到词干。第三人称单数（il/elle/on）没有词尾，因此 ‘vendre’ 变为 ‘il vend’。其余形式遵循模式：’je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent’。
2. Key Irregular Verbs in Present | 关键不规则动词现在时
Four irregular verbs form the backbone of countless everyday expressions. Treat their present-tense forms as essential formulas to memorise.
四个不规则动词构成了无数日常表达的基础。把它们现在时的形式当作必须牢记的核心公式来对待。
être: je suis, tu es, il/elle/on est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont
‘Être’ (to be) is used for descriptions, professions, and as an auxiliary in some compound tenses. Its forms must be rote-learned because they bear no resemblance to the infinitive.
‘Être’（是）用于描述、职业以及部分复合时态的助动词。其形式必须死记硬背，因为它们与不定式完全不同。
avoir: j’ai, tu as, il/elle/on a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont
‘Avoir’ (to have) is critical for expressing possession, age, and forming the perfect tense. Remember that ‘il a’ has no silent ‘t’, and ‘ils ont’ is pronounced as a linking ‘z’ sound.
‘Avoir’（有）对于表达拥有、年龄以及构成复合过去时至关重要。记住 ‘il a’ 没有不发音的 ‘t’，而 ‘ils ont’ 需要联诵发 ‘z’ 音。
aller: je vais, tu vas, il/elle/on va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont
‘Aller’ (to go) is semi-irregular and also serves as the auxiliary for the near future. Note the change of stem between singular (v-) and plural (all-).
‘Aller’（去）是半不规则动词，也用作最近将来时的助动词。注意单数词干 (v-) 和复数词干 (all-) 的变化。
faire: je fais, tu fais, il/elle/on fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils/elles font
‘Faire’ (to do/make) appears in weather expressions, activities, and causative constructions. The ‘vous faites’ form is particularly irregular and deserves extra attention.
‘Faire’（做）出现在天气表达、活动和使动结构中。’vous faites’ 形式尤其不规则，需要特别留意。
3. Perfect Tense (Passé Composé) | 复合过去时
The perfect tense expresses completed past actions. Its formula involves an auxiliary (avoir or être) plus a past participle.
复合过去时表达已经完成的过去动作。其公式由助动词（avoir 或 être）加上过去分词构成。
Subject + auxiliary (avoir/être present) + past participle
The general structure is rigid. The majority of verbs use ‘avoir’; a smaller group of motion and reflexive verbs use ‘être’. An example with ‘avoir’: ‘J’ai mangé’ (I ate/have eaten). With ‘être’: ‘Je suis allé(e)’ (I went).
基本结构是固定的。大多数动词使用 ‘avoir’，一小部分运动动词和所有自反动词使用 ‘être’。用 ‘avoir’ 的例句：’J’ai mangé’（我吃了）。用 ‘être’ 的例句：’Je suis allé(e)’（我去了）。
Past participle agreement with être: participle + -e (f.) / -s (pl.) / -es (f.pl.)
When ‘être’ is the auxiliary, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. Thus ‘elle est allée’ adds an extra -e, and ‘nous sommes allés’ adds -s (and -es for mixed gender if all female). For ‘avoir’ verbs, agreement occurs only when a direct object precedes the verb.
当助动词为 ‘être’ 时，过去分词需与主语保持性数一致。因此 ‘elle est allée’ 添加 -e，’nous sommes allés’ 添加 -s（如果全为女性则加 -es）。对于 ‘avoir’ 动词，只有当直接宾语前置时才需要配合。
DR MRS VANDERTRAMP: common être verbs (monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naître, devenir, entrer, retourner, tomber, rentrer, arriver, mourir, partir)
This mnemonic lists the most common non-reflexive verbs that take ‘être’. Any compound derived from them (e.g. ‘revenir’) also follows the same rule. Remember that ‘passer’ can take either auxiliary depending on meaning.
这个助记符列出了最常见的需要使用 ‘être’ 的非自反动词。任何由这些词衍生的复合形式（如 ‘revenir’）也遵循相同规则。记住 ‘passer’ 可根据含义选择不同的助动词。
4. Imperfect Tense (Imparfait) | 未完成过去时
The imperfect is used for descriptions, habitual actions, and ongoing states in the past. Its construction is surprisingly regular across all verbs except ‘être’.
未完成过去时用于描述、习惯性动作以及过去持续的状态。除 ‘être’ 外，所有动词的构成方式都非常规则。
Formula: stem from ‘nous’ present form + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
Take the first-person plural present indicative form, remove the ‘-ons’ ending to obtain the stem, then add the imparfait endings. For ‘parler’, nous parlons → stem ‘parl-‘ → je parlais, tu parlais, etc. For ‘finir’, nous finissons → stem ‘finiss-‘ → je finissais.
取直陈式现在时第一人称复数形式，去掉词尾 ‘-ons’ 得到词干，然后加上未完成过去时词尾。以 ‘parler’ 为例：nous parlons → 词干 ‘parl-‘ → je parlais, tu parlais 等。’finir’ 则用 nous finissons → 词干 ‘finiss-‘ → je finissais。
Être exception: j’étais, tu étais, il/elle/on était, nous étions, vous étiez, ils/elles étaient
Only ‘être’ has an irregular stem ‘ét-‘ for the imperfect. The endings are still the standard -ais, -ais, etc., so the forms are readily pronounceable once memorised.
只有 ‘être’ 拥有不规则词干 ‘ét-‘。词尾仍然使用 -ais, -ais 等标准形式，因此一旦记住就很容易发音。
5. Future Tenses | 将来时（最近将来时+简单将来时）
French offers two main ways to express the future: the near future (futur proche) for imminent events, and the simple future for more distant or formal contexts.
法语主要有两种表达将来的方式：最近将来时用于即将发生的事件，简单将来时用于较远或更正式的语境。
Near future: Subject + aller (present) + infinitive
This formula mirrors English ‘going to’. Conjugate ‘aller’ in the present and follow it with any infinitive. Example: ‘Je vais regarder un film’ (I am going to watch a film). It is highly productive and less formal than the simple future.
该公式类似于英语的 ‘going to’。将 ‘aller’ 变位为现在时，后接任意不定式。例句：’Je vais regarder un film’（我将要看一部电影）。它使用广泛，比简单将来时更口语化。
Simple future: infinitive + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont (for -ER and -IR verbs)
For most verbs, the future stem is the whole infinitive. Add the endings directly: ‘je parlerai, tu parleras, il parlera, nous parlerons, vous parlerez, ils parleront’. For -RE verbs, drop the final -e before adding endings: ‘je vendrai’.
对于大多数动词，将来时词干就是整个不定式。直接添加词尾：’je parlerai, tu parleras, il parlera, nous parlerons, vous parlerez, ils parleront’。对于 -RE 动词，去掉末尾的 -e 再加词尾：’je vendrai’。
Irregular future stems: être → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-, vouloir → voudr-, pouvoir → pourr-, devoir → devr-, voir → verr-, venir → viendr-
A handful of high-frequency verbs have irregular future stems, but they all take the same set of endings. Learning these stems is essential for accurate future-tense usage. Example: ‘je serai, tu auras, il pourra’.
少数高频动词拥有不规则将来时词干，但它们都使用同一套词尾。掌握这些词干对准确使用将来时至关重要。例如：’je serai, tu auras, il pourra’。
6. Conditional Present | 条件式现在时
The conditional is used to express hypothetical situations, polite requests, and reported speech about the future. Its formation closely parallels the simple future.
条件式用于表达假设情况、礼貌请求以及间接引语中的将来概念。其构成方式与简单将来时十分相似。
Conditional = future stem + imparfait endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)
Take the same stem used for the simple future (infinitive or irregular stem) and attach the imperfect endings. For example, ‘parler’ gives ‘je parlerais, tu parlerais…’, while ‘être’ uses the stem ‘ser-‘ to produce ‘je serais’. This means if you know the future stem, you already know the conditional stem.
使用与简单将来时相同的词干（不定式或不规则词干），再加上未完成过去时的词尾。例如，’parler’ 变为 ‘je parlerais, tu parlerais…’，而 ‘être’ 使用词干 ‘ser-‘ 构成 ‘je serais’。这意味着如果你知道将来时词干，也就同时掌握了条件式词干。
Si + imperfect, conditional: ‘Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais.’
The classic ‘if’ clause expressing an unreal or hypothetical condition pairs the imperfect after ‘si’ with the conditional in the main clause. This ‘formula’ appears frequently in GCSE writing and speaking tasks.
经典的“如果”从句表达不现实或假设的条件：’si’ 后用未完成过去时，主句用条件式。这个“公式”经常出现在 GCSE 写作与口语任务中。
7. Pronoun Placement | 代词位置公式
Object pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les, lui, leur, y, en) follow a strict order when multiple pronouns occur in a sentence.
宾语代词（me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les, lui, leur, y, en）在句子中同时出现时，遵循严格的顺序。
Order: (me/te/se/nous/vous) before (le/la/les) before (lui/leur) before y before en
In a normal (non-imperative) sentence, all object pronouns are placed before the conjugated verb, in the fixed sequence: reflexive or direct/indirect first-person and second-person pronouns, then third-person direct objects (le/la/les), then third-person indirect objects (lui/leur), then ‘y’, then ‘en’. Example: ‘Il me le donne’ (He gives it to me).
在正常（非命令式）句子中，所有宾语代词都置于变位动词之前，顺序固定：先放自反或第一、第二人称直接/间接代词，然后是第三人称直接宾语 (le/la/les)，然后是第三人称间接宾语 (lui/leur)，再是 ‘y’，最后是 ‘en’。例如：’Il me le donne’（他把它给我）。
In imperative affirmative: verb + pronoun (le/la/les) + moi/toi/lui/nous/vous/leur + y + en (with hyphens)
When giving affirmative commands, the pronouns follow the verb and are joined by hyphens. The order changes: ‘Donne-le-moi!’ (Give it to me!). Note that ‘me’ and ‘te’ become ‘moi’ and ‘toi’ in the final position, except before ‘y’ or ‘en’ where they revert to m’ and t’.
在肯定命令式中，代词跟在动词后面，用连字符连接。顺序发生改变：’Donne-le-moi!’（把它给我！）。注意 ‘me’ 和 ‘te’ 在末尾位置变为 ‘moi’ 和 ‘toi’，但在 ‘y’ 或 ‘en’ 之前则恢复为 m’ 和 t’。
8. Negation Structures | 否定结构
French negation typically frames the conjugated verb with two parts. Mastering the basic and complex negations is an easy way to improve accuracy.
法语否定通常由两部分包围变位动词。掌握基本和复杂否定是提升准确度的捷径。
Basic negation: ne + verb + pas
The most common negative structure places ‘ne’ (or n’ before a vowel) before the verb and ‘pas’ after. Example: ‘Je ne parle pas anglais’ (I do not speak English). In spoken French, the ‘ne’ is often dropped, but for GCSE writing, using it is essential.
最常见的否定结构：’ne’（元音前用 n’）置于动词之前，’pas’ 置于动词之后。例句：’Je ne parle pas anglais’（我不说英语）。口语中常省略 ‘ne’，但在 GCSE 写作中必须使用它。
Other negative formulas: ne…jamais (never), ne…plus (no longer), ne…rien (nothing), ne…personne (no one), ne…que (only)
Each pair follows the same wrapping pattern. ‘Rien’ and ‘personne’ can also stand as subjects. Example: ‘Je ne vois rien’ (I see nothing). ‘Personne n’est parfait’ (No one is perfect). Note the placement of ‘que’ for restrictive meaning: ‘Je n’ai que deux euros’ (I only have two euros).
每对词语都遵循相同的包裹模式。’Rien’ 和 ‘personne’ 也可以作主语。例句：’Je ne vois rien’（我什么也没看见）。’Personne n’est parfait’（没有人是完美的）。注意表示限制意义的 ‘que’ 的位置：’Je n’ai que deux euros’（我只有两欧元）。
9. Question Formation | 疑问句构成
GCSE expects you to handle three main ways of asking questions, from informal to formal registers. Treat each as a reusable template.
GCSE 要求你掌握从非正式到正式语体的三种主要提问方式。把每种方式当作可重复使用的模板。
Intonation: Statement + rising intonation ?
The simplest method: keep the word order of a statement and raise the pitch at the end. ‘Tu aimes le chocolat ?’ (Do you like chocolate?). This is common in spoken French and is acceptable in informal GCSE role-plays.
最简单的方法：保留陈述句语序，末尾语调上扬。’Tu aimes le chocolat ?’（你喜欢巧克力吗？）。这在口语中很常见，在 GCSE 非正式角色扮演中也可以使用。
Est-ce que + statement ?
Insert ‘est-ce que’ (or ‘est-ce qu” before a vowel) at the beginning of any statement to turn it into a question without changing word order. ‘Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat ?’ It works for all question types and is very safe for writing.
在任何陈述句前插入 ‘est-ce que’（元音前用 ‘est-ce qu’’），无需改变语序即可变为疑问句。’Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat ?’ 它适用于所有疑问形式，写作中使用非常稳妥。
Inversion: (interrogative word) + verb-subject + rest ?
Formal inversion places the subject pronoun after the verb, linked by a hyphen. Example: ‘Aimes-tu le chocolat ?’ For third-person singular verbs ending in a vowel, a -t- is inserted for pronunciation: ‘A-t-il un chien ?’. This structure is expected in higher-tier writing.
正式倒装将主语代词置于动词之后，用连字符连接。例句：’Aimes-tu le chocolat ?’ 当第三人称单数动词以元音结尾时，需插入 -t- 以便发音：’A-t-il un chien ?’。更高层级的写作要求使用这种结构。
10. Comparative and Superlative | 比较级与最高级
Comparing people and things uses a fixed set of patterns with adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. These are simple formulas once you know the irregular forms.
比较人、事、物时使用一套固定的模式，涉及形容词、副词和名词。一旦掌握了不规则形式，这些就是简单的公式。
Comparative with adjectives: plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que
To say ‘more … than’, ‘less … than’, or ‘as … as’, use this structure. Example: ‘Elle est plus grande que moi’ (She is taller than me). ‘Ce film est aussi intéressant que l’autre’ (This film is as interesting as the other). The adjective agrees with the subject in gender and number.
要表达“比……更”“不如……”或“和……一样”，使用这个结构。例句：’Elle est plus grande que moi’（她比我高）。’Ce film est aussi intéressant que l’autre’（这部电影和另一部一样有趣）。形容词需与主语保持性数一致。
Irregular comparatives: bon(ne)(s) → meilleur(e)(s), bien → mieux, mauvais → pire (or plus mauvais)
‘Bon’ becomes ‘meilleur’ in the comparative, not ‘plus bon’. ‘Bien’ (well) gives ‘mieux’ (better). ‘Mauvais’ can use ‘plus mauvais’ or ‘pire’. Example: ‘Mon gâteau est meilleur que le tien’.
‘Bon’ 的比较级是 ‘meilleur’，而不是 ‘plus bon’。’Bien’（好）的比较级是 ‘mieux’（更好）。’Mauvais’ 可用 ‘plus mauvais’ 或 ‘pire’。例句：’Mon gâteau est meilleur que le tien’（我的蛋糕比你的好吃）。
Superlative: le/la/les plus/moins + adjective (+ de)
The superlative formula uses the definite article that agrees with the noun, followed by ‘plus’ or ‘moins’ and the adjective. ‘C’est la plus belle ville de France’ (It’s the most beautiful city in France). After a superlative, ‘de’ is used to mean ‘in’ or ‘of’.
最高级的公式使用与名词保持一致的定冠词，后接 ‘plus’ 或 ‘moins’ 和形容词。’C’est la plus belle ville de France’（这是法国最美的城市）。在最高级之后，用 ‘de’ 表示“在……中”或“……的”。
11. Relative Pronouns | 关系代词
Relative pronouns link clauses and avoid repetition. The choice among qui, que, dont, and où follows clear grammatical rules.
关系代词连接从句并避免重复。qui、que、dont 和 où 之间的选择遵循清晰的语法规则。
qui = subject of the relative clause; que = direct object of the relative clause
‘Qui’ replaces the subject: ‘La fille qui parle est ma sœur’ (The girl who is speaking is my sister). ‘Que’ replaces the direct object: ‘Le livre que je lis est passionnant’ (The book that I am reading is exciting). Note that ‘que’ becomes ‘qu” before a vowel sound.
‘Qui’ 代替主语：’La fille qui parle est ma sœur’（正在说话的女孩是我妹妹）。’Que’ 代替直接宾语：’Le livre que je lis est passionnant’（我正在读的那本书很精彩）。注意 ‘que’ 在元音前变为 ‘qu”。
dont = whose, of which, about which (replaces de + noun)
Use ‘dont’ when the verb or expression requires ‘de’. Example: ‘J’ai besoin de ce stylo’ → ‘le stylo dont j’ai besoin’ (the pen that I need). Also expresses possession: ‘une femme dont le fils est avocat’ (a woman whose son is a lawyer).
当动词或表达要求使用 ‘de’ 时，用 ‘dont’。例句：’J’ai besoin de ce stylo’ → ‘le stylo dont j’ai besoin’（我需要的那支笔）。还可表示拥有：’une femme dont le fils est avocat’（一位儿子是律师的女士）。
où = where, when (refers to time or place)
‘Où’ introduces a relative clause about location or time. ‘La ville où je suis né’ (The town where I was born). ‘Le jour où je l’ai rencontré’ (The day when I met him). Do not confuse it with the question word ‘où’.
‘Où’ 引导表示地点或时间的关系从句。’La ville où je suis né’（我出生的城镇）。’Le jour où je l’ai rencontré’（我遇见他的那一天）。不要与疑问词 ‘où’ 混淆。
12. Imperative Mood | 命令式
The imperative gives commands, instructions, or advice. It uses just three forms and often involves pronoun placement changes.
命令式用于发出命令、指示或建议。它只使用三种人称形式，并且常常涉及代词位置的变化。
Imperative formation: use tu, nous, vous present forms (drop subject pronoun)
For regular and most irregular verbs, take the present indicative forms for ‘tu’, ‘nous’, and ‘vous’ and remove the subject pronoun. ‘Tu parles’ → ‘Parle!’ (Speak!). ‘Nous finissons’ → ‘Finissons!’ (Let’s finish!). ‘Vous allez’ → ‘Allez!’ (Go!). For -ER verbs, the final -s of the ‘tu’ form is dropped unless followed by ‘y’ or ‘en’: ‘Parles-en!’ (Talk about it!).
对于规则动词和大多数不规则动词，取直陈式现在时 ‘tu’、’nous’、’vous’ 的形式，去掉主语代词。’Tu parles’ → ‘Parle!’（说！）。’Nous finissons’ → ‘Finissons!’（让我们完成吧！）。’Vous allez’ → ‘Allez!’（走吧！）。对于 -ER 动词，’tu’ 形式的词尾 -s 要省略，但后接 ‘y’ 或 ‘en’ 时保留：’Parles-en!’（说说那件事！）。
Negative imperative: ne + verb + pas (+ pronouns before verb)
In negative commands, object pronouns move back before the verb, and the standard negation wraps around. ‘Ne me parle pas!’ (Don’t speak to me!). The word order mirrors the normal declarative sentence, making it simpler to construct.
在否定命令句中，宾语代词返回到动词之前，标准否定结构包裹动词。’Ne me parle pas!’（别跟我说话！）。语序与正常陈述句一致，因此构造起来更简单。
Key irregular imperatives: être → sois, soyons, soyez ; avoir → aie, ayons, ayez ; savoir → sache, sachons, sachez
A small set of verbs have distinct imperative stems. These must be memorised but follow the same pattern of dropping the subject. ‘Sois sage!’ (Be good!), ‘Ayez confiance!’ (Have confidence!).
少数动词的命令式词干特殊，必须记忆，但它们同样遵循省略主语的形式。’Sois sage!’（老实点儿！），’Ayez confiance!’（要有信心！）。
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