📚 GCSE WJEC Engineering: Key Terminology Quick Guide | GCSE WJEC 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is essential for success in the WJEC GCSE Engineering specification. Whether you are describing material properties, explaining manufacturing techniques, or analysing mechanical systems, precise terminology will elevate your exam answers and practical work. This bilingual quick-reference guide covers the most important terms you need to know, from forces and mechanics to electronics and quality control. Each entry is paired with a clear Chinese explanation to support learners who study in both languages or want to deepen their understanding through translation.
掌握工程词汇是 WJEC GCSE 工程考试成功的关键。无论是描述材料特性、解释制造技术还是分析机械系统，准确的术语都能提升你的考试答案和实践能力。这本双语速查指南涵盖了你需要掌握的最重要术语，从力学与机械到电子与质量控制。每个条目都配有清晰的中文解释，帮助双语学习或希望通过翻译加深理解的学生。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force is a push or pull that can cause an object to accelerate, decelerate, or change shape. It is measured in newtons (N). In engineering, forces such as tension, compression, shear, and torsion must be carefully accounted for when designing structures and mechanisms.
力是能导致物体加速、减速或变形的推或拉，单位为牛顿（N）。在工程中，设计结构和机构时必须仔细考虑拉力、压力、剪切力和扭力等力的作用。
Load refers to the weight or force applied to a structure or component. A static load is steady and unchanging, while a dynamic load varies or moves. Engineers calculate loads to avoid failure and ensure safety factors.
载荷指施加在结构或部件上的重量或力。静载荷是稳定不变的，而动载荷则变化或移动。工程师计算载荷以避免失效并确保安全系数。
Moment (or torque) is the turning effect of a force about a pivot point. It is calculated as force × perpendicular distance from the pivot. Understanding moments is critical for levers, gears, and rotating machinery.
力矩（或扭矩）是力绕支点的转动效应，计算公式为力 × 从支点算起的垂直距离。理解力矩对于杠杆、齿轮和旋转机械至关重要。
2. Material Properties | 材料特性
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. High tensile strength is vital for cables, bridges, and engine components. Compressive strength describes resistance to being squashed or crushed.
抗拉强度是材料在受拉断裂前能承受的最大应力。高抗拉强度对缆索、桥梁和发动机部件至关重要。抗压强度则描述材料抵御被压碎或压扁的能力。
Hardness measures a material’s resistance to indentation or scratching. Diamond is extremely hard, while mild steel can be hardened through heat treatment. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing – think of the difference between glass (hard but brittle) and rubber (not hard but tough).
硬度衡量材料抵抗压痕或刮擦的能力。金刚石极硬，而低碳钢可通过热处理硬化。韧性是材料吸收能量而不断裂的能力——想想玻璃（硬但易碎）和橡胶（不硬但坚韧）的区别。
Elasticity allows a material to return to its original shape after a force is removed, like a spring. Plasticity means the material permanently deforms. Ductility is the ability to be drawn into wires, and malleability relates to being hammered or rolled into thin sheets.
弹性使材料在去除外力后能恢复原状，如弹簧。塑性意味着材料发生永久变形。延展性是材料可被拉成丝的能力，而可锻性指可被捶打或轧制成薄片的能力。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould where it solidifies. Sand casting and die casting are common methods. Forging uses compressive forces to shape heated metal, improving its grain structure and strength.
铸造是将熔融金属倒入模具中凝固的过程。砂型铸造和压铸是常见方法。锻造使用压力对加热金属进行成形，改善其晶粒结构并提高强度。
Extrusion forces material through a shaped die to create long profiles with a constant cross-section, such as aluminium window frames. Injection moulding is widely used for polymers: melted plastic is injected into a mould, cooled, and ejected.
挤压迫使材料通过成形模具，制成具有恒定横截面的长型材，如铝制窗框。注塑成型广泛用于聚合物：将熔化的塑料注入模具，冷却后脱模。
Machining removes material using tools like lathes (turning), milling machines, and drills. Joining techniques include welding, soldering, brazing, and adhesive bonding – each suited to different materials and strength requirements.
机械加工使用车床（车削）、铣床和钻头等工具去除材料。连接技术包括焊接、软钎焊、硬钎焊和胶接，各自适用于不同的材料和强度要求。
4. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
A mechanism is a device that transforms an input force and motion into a desired output. Levers amplify force or distance, classified as first, second, or third class depending on the pivot, effort, and load arrangement.
机构是将输入的力和运动转化为所需输出的装置。杠杆放大力量或距离，根据支点、施力点和载荷的位置分为第一类、第二类或第三类。
Gears transmit rotary motion and torque. A gear ratio compares the number of teeth on driven and driver gears. A high ratio multiplies torque but reduces speed. Belt and pulley systems and chain and sprocket drives serve similar purposes but can slip or maintain timing, respectively.
齿轮传递旋转运动和扭矩。齿轮比比较从动轮与主动轮的齿数。高齿比放大扭矩但降低转速。皮带与带轮系统及链条与链轮传动有类似作用，但皮带可能打滑，而链条能保持同步。
Linkages connect levers to produce complex movements. A crank and slider converts rotary motion to linear reciprocating motion, as seen in internal combustion engines. Cams push followers to create timed, repetitive actions.
连杆机构连接杠杆以产生复杂的运动。曲柄滑块机构将旋转运动转换为直线往复运动，见于内燃机。凸轮推动从动件以产生定时、重复的动作。
5. Electronics and Control | 电子与控制
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (V) is the electrical potential difference that drives the current, measured in volts. Resistance (R), measured in ohms (Ω), opposes current flow. Ohm’s Law states V = I × R.
电流 (I)是电荷的流动，单位为安培（A）。电压 (V)是驱动电流的电势差，单位为伏特。电阻 (R)，单位为欧姆（Ω），阻碍电流。欧姆定律为 V = I × R。
Components include resistors (limit current), capacitors (store charge), diodes (allow current in one direction), and transistors (switch or amplify). Integrated circuits (ICs) combine many components on a single chip. A sensor detects physical changes (light, temperature, force) and sends electrical signals to a microcontroller.
元器件包括电阻器（限流）、电容器（储存电荷）、二极管（单向导电）和晶体管（开关或放大）。集成电路（IC）在单个芯片上集成了许多元件。传感器检测物理变化（光、温度、力）并向微控制器发送电信号。
Analogue signals vary continuously, while digital signals have discrete high/low states (1 or 0). Input, process, and output form the basis of any control system: a sensor (input) sends data to a controller (process) that activates an actuator (output) like a motor or LED.
模拟信号连续变化，而数字信号只有离散的高低状态（1或0）。输入、处理和输出构成所有控制系统的基础：传感器（输入）向控制器（处理）发送数据，控制器驱动执行器（输出），如电机或LED。
6. Structures and Loads | 结构与载荷
A tie is a structural member under tension, while a strut is under compression. Beams support loads across a span and experience bending. Different cross-sectional shapes (I-beams, box sections) improve strength-to-weight ratios.
拉杆是承受拉力的结构件，而压杆承受压力。梁支撑跨距上的载荷并承受弯曲。不同的截面形状（工字梁、箱型截面）可提高强度重量比。
Triangulation uses triangles to create rigid frameworks; squares deform easily, but adding a diagonal makes them stiff. This principle is used in bridges, cranes, and roof trusses. Buckling occurs when compression causes a slender member to suddenly bend sideways, a common failure mode to avoid.
三角化利用三角形创建刚性框架；方形容易变形，但加入对角线可使其坚实。这一原理用于桥梁、起重机和屋顶桁架。屈曲发生在受压导致细长杆突然侧向弯曲时，是设计需要避免的常见失效模式。
7. Engineering Drawings and Communication | 工程图纸与沟通
Orthographic drawing projects a 3D object onto 2D planes (front, side, plan view) using parallel lines. Isometric drawing shows a 3D view where axes are at 120° to each other, preserving proportions without perspective.
正投影图利用平行线将三维物体投射到二维平面上（前视图、侧视图、俯视图）。等轴测图显示三维视图，轴彼此成120°，可在无透视下保持比例。
Dimensions indicate sizes in millimetres (mm) on technical drawings; key conventions include extension lines and arrows. Tolerances specify acceptable variation (±0.5 mm) because no manufacturing process is perfect. Scale allows representation at a different size (1:2 for reduction, 2:1 for enlargement).
尺寸标注在技术图纸上用毫米（mm）标明大小；关键惯例包括延长线和箭头。公差规定可接受的变动范围（±0.5 mm），因为没有任何制造工艺是完美的。比例允许以不同大小作图（1:2 缩小，2:1 放大）。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) enables precise 2D and 3D modelling. CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) directly translates CAD data into machine code for CNC (Computer Numerical Control) equipment, improving speed and accuracy.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）可实现精确的二维和三维建模。CAM（计算机辅助制造）直接将CAD数据转化为CNC（计算机数控）设备的机器代码，提高速度和准确性。
8. Quality and Testing | 质量与测试
Quality assurance (QA) refers to the planned systems and processes that ensure products meet specifications, such as inspections and documentation. Quality control (QC) is the inspection and testing of actual outputs to identify defects before reaching customers.
质量保证（QA）指通过计划好的系统和流程（如检验和文件记录）确保产品符合规格。质量控制（QC）是对实际产出进行检验和测试，以便在产品到达客户手中前识别缺陷。
Destructive testing pushes a sample to failure (e.g., tensile test) to measure ultimate strength. Non-destructive testing (NDT) checks for flaws without damaging the item, using methods like ultrasonic, dye penetrant, or visual inspection.
破坏性测试将样品推至失效（如拉伸试验），以测量极限强度。无损检测（NDT）在不损坏物品的情况下检查缺陷，采用超声波、渗透剂或目视等方法。
Tolerance and allowance are often confused: tolerance is the permissible variation, while allowance is the intentional difference between mating parts (e.g., a clearance fit). Go/no-go gauges provide a quick pass/fail check for dimensions.
公差和裕度常被混淆：公差是允许的变动量，而裕度是配合件之间故意的差值（如间隙配合）。通止规提供快速的尺寸合格/不合格检查。
9. Energy and Efficiency | 能源与效率
Energy is the capacity to do work and exists in many forms: kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical. In machines, input energy is never fully converted to useful output due to losses mainly from friction and waste heat. Efficiency = (useful output energy ÷ total input energy) × 100%.
能量是做功的能力，有许多形式：动能、势能、热能、化学能、电能。在机器中，输入能量永远无法完全转化为有用的输出，损耗主要来自摩擦和废热。效率 = （有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量） × 100%。
Power is the rate of energy transfer or work done, measured in watts (W). A motor that lifts a heavy load quickly requires more power than one doing the same slowly. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro are increasingly integrated into engineering solutions to improve sustainability.
功率是能量传递或做功的速率，单位为瓦特（W）。快速提升重物的电机比缓慢提升的电机需要更大的功率。可再生能源如太阳能、风能和水能正越来越多地融入工程方案，以提高可持续性。
10. Engineering Materials and Their Uses | 工程材料及其用途
Ferrous metals contain iron, such as cast iron (brittle, good in compression) and mild steel (tough, easily machined). Non-ferrous metals include aluminium (lightweight, corrosion-resistant) and copper (excellent electrical conductor).
铁金属含铁，如铸铁（脆，抗压好）和低碳钢（韧，易加工）。非铁金属包括铝（轻质、耐腐蚀）和铜（优良的电导体）。
Polymers fall into thermoplastics (can be re-melted, e.g., ABS, acrylic) and thermosets (permanently set after heating, e.g., epoxy, urea formaldehyde). Composites combine two or more materials for enhanced properties, like carbon fibre reinforced polymer (light and strong) or reinforced concrete.
聚合物分为热塑性塑料（可重新熔化，如ABS、亚克力）和热固性塑料（加热后永久固化，如环氧树脂、脲醛）。复合材料结合两种或以上材料以获得增强特性，如碳纤维增强聚合物（轻而强）或钢筋混凝土。
Smart materials react to stimuli: shape memory alloys (SMAs) return to a preset shape when heated; thermochromic pigments change colour with temperature; piezoelectric materials produce voltage under stress. Engineers exploit these for sensors, actuators, and innovative products.
智能材料会对刺激作出反应：形状记忆合金（SMA）受热时恢复预设形状；热致变色颜料随温度改变颜色；压电材料在受力时产生电压。工程师利用这些特性制作传感器、执行器和创新产品。
11. Health and Safety Terminology | 健康与安全术语
Risk assessment identifies hazards, evaluates likelihood and severity, and outlines controls. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) includes goggles, gloves, ear defenders, and steel-toe boots. COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations govern the use of chemicals, dusts, and fumes.
风险评估识别危险，评估可能性和严重性，并制定控制措施。PPE（个人防护装备）包括护目镜、手套、护耳器和钢头安全鞋。COSHH（有害物质健康控制法规）管理化学品、粉尘和烟气的使用。
Guarding physically prevents access to dangerous moving parts on machines. Emergency stop buttons must be clearly marked and within reach. A safe system of work is a formal procedure that reduces risk when normal hazard controls aren’t enough.
防护罩物理上阻止人员接触机器上危险的运转部件。急停按钮必须标识清晰且伸手可及。安全工作体系是在常规危险控制措施不足时降低风险的正式程序。
12. Exam Tips for Technical Vocabulary | 技术词汇的考试技巧
In WJEC GCSE Engineering, exam questions often begin with command words like describe, explain, or compare. Using precise terminology demonstrates depth of knowledge. For example, instead of writing “it bends easily”, say “the material exhibits high ductility and a low modulus of elasticity”.
在 WJEC GCSE 工程考试中，题目常以描述、解释或比较等指令词开头。使用精确术语能展现知识的深度。例如，与其写“它容易弯曲”，不如说“该材料表现出高延展性和低弹性模量”。
Keep a personal glossary organised by topic (mechanics, electronics, materials) and practise writing definitions in both English and Chinese if bilingual. Use flashcards to drill terms like elastic limit, yield point, or mechanical advantage. Linking a term to a real-world example (e.g., cranes use pulleys for mechanical advantage) aids long-term retention.
制作按主题（力学、电子、材料）分类的个人术语表，如果是双语学习，可练习用中英文写定义。使用闪卡来强化诸如弹性极限、屈服点或机械效益等术语。将术语与实际例子联系起来（例如，起重机利用滑轮获得机械效益）有助于长期记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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