📚 GCSE WJEC Media: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | GCSE WJEC 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is essential for success in GCSE WJEC Media Studies. This guide provides a rapid revision of essential terms across media language, representation, audience and institution, with mnemonic tips to boost your exam performance.
掌握关键词汇对于在GCSE WJEC媒体研究中取得成功至关重要。本指南快速复习媒体语言、表征、受众和制度等核心术语，并提供速记技巧，帮助提升考试成绩。
1. Media Language: Camera Shots and Angles | 媒体语言：镜头与角度
Camera shots and angles are the fundamental building blocks of visual storytelling. Being able to name them, describe their effects and link them to meaning is a core skill in the WJEC exam.
镜头与角度是视觉叙事的基本构成元素。能够说出其名称、描述其效果并将其与含义联系起来，是WJEC考试的核心能力。
| Term | English Definition | 中文定义 | Mnemonic / 速记 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Establishing Shot | A wide shot, often exterior, used to set the location and context of a scene. | 定场镜头：一个广角镜头，通常是外景，用来设定场景的地点和背景。 | ‘E’ for ‘Establish the setting’ / ‘E’代表’定下场景’ |
| Long Shot (Wide Shot) | Shows the full human figure and a large portion of the environment; good for showing action and setting. | 远景：展示整个人物及大范围环境；适合展现动作和环境。 | ‘Long’ distance from subject / ‘远’离主体 |
| Medium Shot | Frames a person from the waist up. Commonly used for dialogue and showing gestures. | 中景：人物腰部以上的构图。常用于对话和展现手势。 | ‘Medium’ connection – not too close, not too far / ‘中’等距离连接 |
| Close-up (CU) | Frames the subject’s face, filling the screen. Intensifies emotion and draws attention to detail. | 特写：人物面部充满屏幕。强化情感，吸引细节注意。 | ‘Close’ to feelings / ‘贴近’情感 |
| Extreme Close-up (ECU) | Shows only a part of the face or object (eyes, a ring), creating intensity or symbolism. | 大特写：只展示脸部或物品的一部分（如眼睛、戒指），营造紧张感或象征意义。 | ‘Extreme’ emphasis on one detail / ‘极度’强调某一细节 |
| High Angle | Camera looks down on the subject, making them appear small, weak or vulnerable. | 俯视镜头：摄影机俯拍主体，使其显得渺小、虚弱或脆弱。 | ‘High’ angle = subject looks low / ‘高’角度→主体显得低 |
| Low Angle | Camera looks up at the subject, making them appear powerful, dominant or heroic. | 仰视镜头：摄影机仰拍主体，使其显得强大、主导或英雄化。 | ‘Low’ angle = lofty, powerful figure / ‘低’角度→崇高有力的形象 |
| Canted Angle (Dutch Tilt) | Camera is tilted off the horizontal axis, creating a sense of unease, confusion or disorientation. | 斜角镜头（荷兰角）：摄影机偏离水平轴线，营造不安、混乱或迷失方向感。 | ‘Canted’ = Can it be trusted? / 斜的不正 |
| Point-of-View Shot (POV) | Shows the scene from a character’s visual perspective, involving the audience directly. | 主观视角镜头：从角色的视觉角度展示场景，让观众直接代入。 | ‘Point of View’ = placing you in their eyes / ‘视点’即用他的眼睛看 |
| Over-the-Shoulder Shot | Frames a person from behind the shoulder of another, commonly used for conversations. | 过肩镜头：从一人肩后拍摄另一人，常用于对话场景。 | ‘Over the shoulder’ = you are in the conversation / ‘过肩’即加入对话 |
2. Media Language: Editing Techniques | 媒体语言：剪辑技巧
Editing shapes time, space and narrative rhythm. Analysing transitions and the pace of editing reveals how meaning is controlled and how the viewer is positioned.
剪辑塑造了时间、空间和叙事节奏。分析转场和剪辑节奏可以揭示意义如何被控制以及观众如何被定位。
| Term | English Definition | 中文定义 | Mnemonic / 速记 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cut | An instantaneous transition from one shot to another; the most common edit. | 切换：从一个镜头瞬间转换到另一个镜头，最常见的剪辑。 | Cut = quick switch / 切即快换 |
| Fade In / Fade Out | The screen gradually appears from black (fade in) or fades to black (fade out), often signalling the start or end of a scene. | 淡入／淡出：画面从黑场逐渐显现（淡入）或逐渐变成黑场（淡出），通常表示场景的开始或结束。 | Fade = time passing like a fading memory / 淡如记忆消逝 |
| Dissolve | One shot gradually blends into another, showing a connection or passage of time. | 叠化：一个镜头逐渐融入另一个镜头，显示关联或时间流逝。 | Dissolve = dissolving between moments / 溶解在时刻之间 |
| Wipe | A new shot ‘pushes’ the old shot off the screen; can suggest energy or a clear division. | 划像：新镜头把旧镜头“推”出屏幕；可暗示活力或清晰的分割。 | Wipe like cleaning the scene / 像擦除画面 |
| Jump Cut | An abrupt cut that breaks continuity, often used to show a jarring passing of time or a fractured mental state. | 跳切：突然中断连贯性的切接，常用来表现突兀的时间流逝或精神分裂。 | Jump = skipping frames / 跳过画面 |
| Match on Action | A cut that connects two shots where the action begun in the first continues seamlessly in the second, creating continuity. | 动作连贯剪辑：将两个镜头中同一个动作无缝衔接，创造连贯性。 | Match the movement / 动作匹配 |
| Shot Reverse Shot | Alternating shots between two characters in conversation, usually following the 180-degree rule. | 正反打镜头：在两个对话角色间交替拍摄，通常遵守180度规则。 | Reverse = back and forth / 来回反转 |
| Cross-cutting (Parallel Editing) | Editing that alternates between two or more scenes happening simultaneously, building tension. | 交叉剪辑（平行剪辑）：交替展现同时发生的两条或多条故事情节，营造紧张感。 | Cross-cutting = crossing between places / 在场景间交叉 |
| Montage | A series of short shots edited together to condense time, space and information. | 蒙太奇：一系列短镜头快速组接，以压缩时间、空间和信息。 | Montage = many shots in a ‘mountain’ of time / 堆叠的镜头 |
| Continuity Editing | A style of editing that maintains a seamless, logical flow of time and space, often making the construction invisible. | 连贯性剪辑：一种保持时间和空间无缝、逻辑流动的剪辑风格，常使构建过程不露痕迹。 | Continuity = continuous, smooth / 连续顺畅 |
| 180-Degree Rule | An imaginary line between two subjects that the camera must not cross, so spatial relationships stay consistent. | 180度规则：拍摄两个主体时摄影机不可逾越的一条假想线，以保持空间关系一致。 | 180° = half a circle; don’t cross the line / 半圆不越线 |
3. Media Language: Sound and Mise-en-Scène | 媒体语言：声音与场面调度
Sound and visual design work together to construct meaning. WJEC expects you to use precise terminology for both diegetic/non-diegetic sound and the elements of mise-en-scène.
声音与视觉设计共同构建意义。WJEC要求你使用准确的术语来描述画内音/画外音以及场面调度的各个元素。
| Term | English Definition | 中文定义 | Mnemonic / 速记 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diegetic Sound | Sound whose source is visible on screen or implied to be present in the story world, e.g., dialogue, footsteps. | 画内音：声源在屏幕上可见或隐含存在于故事世界中的声音，如对话、脚步声。 | Diegetic = ‘DI’Egetic: inside the DIegetic world / 在故事世界内 |
| Non-diegetic Sound | Sound that does not come from the story world; only the audience can hear it, e.g., film score, voiceover narration. | 画外音：不来自故事世界的声音；只有观众能听到，如配乐、旁白。 | Non-diegetic = NOT in the scene / 不在场景中 |
| Sound Bridge | Sound from the next scene starts before the current scene ends, linking the two together. | 声音桥接：下一场的声音在当前画面结束前就开始播放，把两场连接起来。 | Bridge = linking scenes / 桥梁连接场景 |
| Foley Sound | Everyday sound effects recorded in a studio and added in post-production to enhance realism, e.g., clothes rustling. | 拟音：在录音棚录制的日常音效，在后期加入以增强真实感，如衣服摩擦声。 | Foley = ‘F’ake noises secretly added / 假声真做 |
| Ambient Sound | Background sounds that create a sense of place, like birdsong or traffic hum. | 环境声：创造地点感的背景声音，如鸟鸣或车流声。 | Ambient = atmosphere / 氛围声 |
| Voiceover | A non-diegetic voice that narrates over the visuals, often guiding the audience’s perspective. | 画外音解说词：画面上方的非画内音叙述，常引导观众视角。 | Voiceover = voice ‘over’ the image / 声音在画面上方 |
| High-key Lighting | Bright, even illumination with minimal shadows, creating an upbeat or glamorous mood. | 高调灯光：明亮均匀的照明，少阴影，营造欢乐或光鲜的氛围。 | High-key = high energy, high brightness / 高亮高能量 |
| Low-key Lighting | Darker illumination with deep shadows and high contrast, used to create suspense or a sense of unease. | 低调灯光：较暗的照明，阴影深、对比强，用来制造悬疑或不安感。 | Low-key = low light, low mood / 低光低压 |
| Costume, Props, Setting | Elements of mise-en-scène that construct character, time period and genre. Every item on screen is chosen for a reason. | 服装、道具、场景：场面调度的元素，构建角色、时代和类型。屏幕上的每个物品都经过选择。 | CPS: Characters, Period, Story all shown through visuals / 视觉呈现角色、时期、故事 |
| Colour Palette | The range of colours used in the visual design, creating mood, symbolism and brand identity. | 色彩基调：视觉设计中使用的色彩范围，创造情绪、象征意义和品牌识别。 | Colour codes emotion / 色彩编码情绪 |
4. Semiotics: Signs and Codes | 符号学：符号与编码
Semiotics is the study of signs and how meaning is produced. You need to be confident with denotation, connotation and the different types of signs, as well as Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model.
符号学是研究符号以及意义如何产生的学问。你需要熟练掌握外延、内涵和不同类型的符号，以及斯图尔特·霍尔的编码/解码模型。
| Term | English Definition | 中文定义 | Mnemonic / 速记 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sign | A combination of signifier (the physical form) and signified (the mental concept). | 符号：能指（物理形式）和所指（心理概念）的结合。 | Sign = signifier + signified / 符号=能指+所指 |
| Signifier | The physical form of the sign – a word, image, sound or object. | 能指：符号的物理形式——词、图像、声音或物体。 | Signifier = physical (like a ‘f’inger pointing) / 实体的 |
| Signified | The concept or meaning triggered by
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