📚 GCSE WJEC Sociology: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | GCSE WJEC 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering terminology is essential for success in GCSE WJEC Sociology. This guide presents essential concepts with clear English definitions followed by Chinese translations, along with memory aids to help you recall them quickly in the exam. Each topic area is broken down into bite-sized chunks so you can build your sociological vocabulary step by step.
掌握术语是 GCSE WJEC 社会学成功的关键。本指南提供重要概念，先给出清晰的英文定义，再附上中文翻译，并配合记忆辅助，帮助你在考试中快速回忆。每个主题被分解成小块内容，让你可以逐步积累社会学词汇。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 社会学核心概念
Society: A group of people who share a common territory and culture, with structured social relations and institutions. Think of ‘society’ as the entire jigsaw puzzle of human life – all the pieces fit together to form a shared way of living.
社会：一群人共享领土和文化，具有结构化的社会关系和制度。把“社会”想象成人类生活的完整拼图——所有碎片拼在一起，形成共同的生活方式。
Social structure: The organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up a society, such as family, education and government. Remember it like the skeleton of society – it gives shape and holds everything in place.
社会结构：构成社会的有组织的社会关系和制度的模式，如家庭、教育和政府。可以记忆为社会的骨架——它提供形态并把一切固定在适当位置。
Culture: The entire way of life of a society, including language, values, norms, beliefs and material objects. A quick trick: culture = ‘the rules of the game’ that members of a society learn to follow.
文化：一个社会的整体生活方式，包括语言、价值观、规范、信仰和物质对象。小技巧：文化 = 社会成员学会遵守的“游戏规则”。
Values: Broad principles that tell us what is good, desirable and worthwhile in a society, such as honesty or respect. Values are like the compass that guides people’s behaviour and decisions.
价值观：告诉我们社会中什么是好的、可取的、值得的广泛原则，如诚实或尊重。价值观就像指引人们行为和决定的指南针。
Norms: Specific rules that govern behaviour in particular situations, for example queuing or saying ‘please’. Norms are the traffic lights of social life – they tell us when to stop and when to go.
规范：在特定情境下支配行为的具体规则，例如排队或说“请”。规范是社会生活的交通灯——它们告诉我们何时停下、何时前进。
Status: A social position a person occupies that carries certain rights and duties, like being a student or a parent. Remember: status is your label in the social hierarchy, coming with expected behaviour.
地位：一个人占据的带有特定权利和义务的社会位置，比如学生或父母。记住：地位是你在社会等级中的标签，伴随着预期行为。
2. Research Methods Terms | 研究方法术语
Quantitative data: Information in numerical form, such as statistics, percentages and tables. ‘Quantity’ shares the same root – think numbers and amounts you can measure and count.
定量数据：数字形式的信息，如统计数字、百分比和表格。“数量”有共同词根——想想可以测量和计数的数目和量值。
Qualitative data: Information in the form of words, descriptions and meanings, often from interviews or observations. ‘Quality’ means describing the nature of something – rich, detailed stories rather than numbers.
定性数据：以文字、描述和意义形式存在的信息，通常来自访谈或观察。“质”意味着描述事物的性质——丰富详尽的故事，而非数字。
Primary data: Data collected directly by the researcher for the purpose of their own investigation, such as questionnaires they design. Think ‘primary = first-hand’ – you are the first person gathering this information.
一手数据：研究人员为自己的研究目的直接收集的数据，如他们设计的问卷。想成“一手 = 第一手”——你是第一个收集这些信息的人。
Secondary data: Data that already exists, collected by someone else, such as official statistics or documents. ‘Secondary = second-hand’ – someone else got there before you.
二手数据：已存在的、由他人收集的数据，如官方统计或文献。“二手 = 二手的”——别人比你早一步。
Sampling: The process of selecting a smaller group from a larger population to participate in research. The sample is like a miniature society – if chosen well, it represents the bigger picture.
抽样：从较大总体中选取较小群体参与研究的过程。样本就像一个微型社会——如果选得好，就能代表更大的图景。
Ethnography: An in-depth study of a group or culture through observation and immersion, generating rich qualitative data. Picture a researcher living among a community to write a detailed ‘portrait’ of their life.
民族志：通过观察和浸入式体验对一个群体或文化进行深度研究，产生丰富的定性数据。想象研究者住在某个社区中，为其生活描绘一幅细致的“肖像”。
Reliability: The extent to which a research method produces consistent results if repeated. A reliable method is like a trustworthy weighing scale – it gives the same reading every time for the same object.
信度：研究方法在重复时产生一致结果的程度。一种可靠的方法就像一台值得信赖的磅秤——对同一物体每次都给出相同读数。
Validity: The extent to which a research method measures what it intends to measure and reflects the truth. A valid account is like a clear photograph – it shows reality without distortion.
效度：研究方法在多大程度上测量了其意欲测量的对象并反映真相。一种有效的描述就像一张清晰的照片——无扭曲地展现现实。
3. Culture and Identity | 文化与身份
Subculture: A group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms, values and lifestyles, such as a youth subculture or an occupational subculture. Think of it as a smaller, unique ‘flavour’ inside the big pot of mainstream culture.
亚文化：在更大文化内部拥有自己独特规范、价值观和生活方式的群体，如青年亚文化或职业亚文化。可以想象为主流文化大锅中的一种较小而独特的“风味”。
Cultural diversity: The existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society, reflecting differences in language, religion, traditions and customs. Diversity is like a mosaic – many different pieces creating a richer overall picture.
文化多样性：一个社会内存在多样的文化群体，反映在语言、宗教、传统和习俗的差异上。多样性就像一幅马赛克——众多不同的碎片构成更丰富的整体画面。
Multiculturalism: A policy or belief that encourages different cultural groups to live together in a single society while maintaining their distinct identities. Picture a community garden where every plant keeps its own colour but shares the same soil.
多元文化主义：一种鼓励不同文化群体在单一社会中共存、同时保持各自独特身份的政策或信念。想象一个社区花园，每株植物保持自己的颜色，却共享同一片土壤。
Identity: How we see ourselves and how others see us – a combination of personal characteristics and social roles. Identity is like a personal name badge made up of many words: gender, ethnicity, class, age, hobbies.
身份：我们如何看待自己、他人如何看待我们——是个人特征和社会角色的结合。身份像一个由许多词汇构成的个人姓名牌：性别、族群、阶级、年龄、爱好。
Socialisation: The lifelong process of learning the culture of a society, including its norms, values and language. Socialisation is the ‘software installation’ that allows us to operate within our society.
社会化：终生学习社会文化的过程，包括其规范、价值观和语言。社会化是让我们能够在社会中运作的“软件安装”。
4. Socialisation in Detail | 社会化详解
Primary socialisation: The early learning of basic norms and values that occurs in the family during childhood. The family acts as the first teacher – children absorb language, manners and morals here.
初级社会化：在童年时期于家庭中发生的对基本规范和价值观的早期学习。家庭扮演第一任老师的角色——孩子们在这里吸收语言、礼仪和道德。
Secondary socialisation: The later learning that takes place beyond the family, through schools, peer groups, media and workplaces. Think of it as a series of updates to your social ‘operating system’ as you grow.
次级社会化：随后在家庭之外通过学校、同辈群体、媒体和工作场所发生的学习。可以把它想象成你成长过程中对社会“操作系统”的一系列更新。
Agents of socialisation: The individuals, groups and institutions that pass on norms and values. Key agents include family, education, peers and the mass media. Remember them with the acronym F.E.P.M. (Family, Education, Peers, Media).
社会化媒介：传递规范和价值观的个人、群体和制度。关键媒介包括家庭、教育、同辈和大众媒体。用首字母 F.E.P.M.（家庭、教育、同辈、媒体）来记忆。
Informal social control: The ways in which behaviour is regulated through informal means, such as a disapproving look, gossip or exclusion from a group. It is the invisible hand that gently pushes people back into line without formal rules.
非正式社会控制：通过非正式手段调节行为的方式，如不赞许的眼神、闲话或群体的排斥。它是一只无形的手，不用正式规则就轻轻地把人推回正轨。
Formal social control: Control exercised by official organisations and institutions with written rules and designated authorities, such as schools, police and courts. Imagine it as the referee with a whistle and rulebook, enforcing clear penalties.
正式社会控制：由具有成文规则和指定权威的官方组织和机构实施的控制，如学校、警察和法院。想象它就是拿着哨子和规则手册、执行明确处罚的裁判。
5. Family | 家庭
Nuclear family: A family unit consisting of two generations: parents and their dependent children living together. The classic ‘cereal packet’ image – mum, dad and two kids under the same roof.
核心家庭：由两代人组成的家庭单位：父母和受抚养的子女共同生活。经典的“麦片盒”画面——妈妈、爸爸和两个孩子同住一个屋檐下。
Extended family: A family structure where relatives beyond the nuclear family – such as grandparents, aunts and uncles – live nearby or together, maintaining frequent contact. Think of a wider family tree with strong branches linking across households.
扩展家庭：一种家庭结构，核心家庭之外的亲属——如祖父母、姑姑和叔叔——住在附近或同住，保持频繁联系。想象一棵更宽广的家谱树，强壮的枝条跨越家庭相连接。
Reconstituted family: A family formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships into a new household, sometimes called a stepfamily. The ‘blended’ family – two sets of ingredients mixed into one family dish.
重组家庭：一方或双方将前段关系中的子女带入新家庭所形成的家庭，有时称为继亲家庭。这种“混合”家庭——两套材料搅拌进一道家庭菜肴。
Lone-parent family: A family where one parent lives with and cares for their dependent children. Remember: one pillar holding up the roof – a single adult taking on the parenting role.
单亲家庭：一位家长与受抚养子女共同生活并照顾他们的家庭。记住：一根柱子撑起屋顶——独自承担家长角色的成年人。
Functionalist perspective on the family: The view that the family performs essential functions for society, such as primary socialisation, emotional support and economic provision. Murdock’s four functions – sexual, reproductive, economic and educational – can be recalled using the word S.R.E.E.
功能主义对家庭的看法：认为家庭为社会履行基本功能的观点，如初级社会化、情感支持和经济供给。默多克的四个功能——性、生殖、经济和教育——可用首字母 S.R.E.E. 来记忆。
6. Education | 教育
Formal curriculum: The officially taught subjects and content in schools, such as maths, history and science. This is the timetable visible on the classroom wall – everything planned by the education system.
正式课程：学校正式教授的科目和内容，如数学、历史和科学。这就是教室墙上可见的课程表——教育系统规划的每件事。
Hidden curriculum: The informal lessons learned in school, not part of the official syllabus – values like punctuality, obedience and competition. It is the ‘secret syllabus’ that teaches you how to fit into society without any textbook.
隐性课程：在学校学到的非正式课程，不属于正式教学大纲——如守时、顺从和竞争等价值观。这是一套“秘密大纲”，没有任何教科书，却教会你如何融入社会。
Labelling: The process of attaching a definition or category to a student, which can affect their self-concept and achievement. A teacher’s label can act like a sticker that sticks – ‘bright’ or ‘troublesome’ – shaping expectations.
贴标签：给学生贴上某种定义或类别的过程，可能影响其自我概念和成就。教师的标签像贴纸一样粘住——“聪明”或“捣蛋”——塑造期望。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When a prediction or label leads to behaviour that makes the prediction come true. If a student is told they will fail, they might stop trying, and then indeed fail – the prophecy fulfils itself.
自我实现预言：当预测或标签导致使预测成真的行为时。如果一个学生被告知他们会失败，他们可能停止努力，然后真的失败——预言自我实现。
Material deprivation: A lack of physical resources, such as money, books or a quiet place to study, that can hinder educational achievement. Think of it as running a race with heavy boots – poverty adds extra barriers to success.
物质匮乏：缺乏金钱、书籍或安静学习场所等物质资源，可能阻碍教育成就。把它想象成穿着沉重的靴子赛跑——贫困为成功增加了额外障碍。
Cultural capital: The knowledge, skills, language and attitudes that the middle class passes on to its children, helping them succeed in education. It is like having a secret key ring that unlocks doors in school and beyond.
文化资本：中产阶级传递给子女的知识、技能、语言和态度，有助于他们在教育中成功。就像拥有一串秘密钥匙环，能打开学校及更大世界的门。
7. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance: Any behaviour that violates social norms, whether serious or minor, but not necessarily breaking a law. Picking your nose in public is deviant but not criminal – remember deviance is about breaking unwritten rules.
越轨：任何违反社会规范的行为，无论严重或轻微，但不一定触犯法律。当众挖鼻孔是越轨但非犯罪——记住越轨是关于打破不成文的规则。
Crime: An act that breaks the formal written laws of a society and can be punished by the legal system. Crime equals law-breaking with official consequences – think of a courtroom, not just a frown.
犯罪：违反社会成文法律、可受法律系统惩罚的行为。犯罪等同于违法并伴有官方后果——想想法庭，而不仅仅是皱眉。
Anomie: A state of normlessness where the usual rules of behaviour break down, often during periods of rapid social change. Durkheim used it to explain rising suicide rates – picture a society where the compass needle spins wildly.
失范：规范缺失的状态，通常发生在社会剧变时期，通常的行为规则崩溃。涂尔干用它解释自杀率上升——想象一个社会，指南针的指针疯狂旋转。
White-collar crime: Crime committed by people of high social status in the course of their occupation, such as fraud or embezzlement. The ‘suit-and-tie’ crime – not street violence, but financial deceit behind a desk.
白领犯罪：社会地位较高者在职业过程中实施的犯罪，如欺诈或挪用公款。这是“西装领带”犯罪——不是街头暴力，而是办公桌后的金融欺骗。
Labelling theory of crime: The idea that deviance is created through the labels society attaches to certain acts and people. Once labelled a ‘criminal’, a person may be pushed further into deviance – the label becomes a master status.
犯罪的标签理论：认为越轨是通过社会给某些行为和人贴上的标签而创造出来的。一旦被贴上“罪犯”标签，一个人可能被进一步推向越轨——标签成为主要身份。
Moral panic: An exaggerated public concern over a group or issue, fuelled by media, which can lead to harsher social control. Think of a magnifying glass that makes a small problem look enormous, triggering public fear.
道德恐慌：由媒体煽动的对某一群体或议题的夸大公众关注，可能导致更严苛的社会控制。想想放大镜，使小问题看起来巨大，引发公众恐惧。
8. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: The way society is layered into a hierarchy based on factors like class, wealth, power and status. Imagine it as a multi-storey building – the higher the floor, the more resources and privileges.
社会分层：社会根据阶级、财富、权力和地位等因素被分层成等级的方式。想象成一栋多层建筑——楼层越高，资源和特权越多。
Social class: A group of people sharing a similar economic position, often measured by occupation, income and wealth. Traditionally split into upper, middle and working class – think of economic ladders with different access to resources.
社会阶级：分享相似经济地位的人群，通常以职业、收入和财富衡量。传统上分为上层、中层和工人阶级——想想拥有不同资源获取途径的经济阶梯。
Life chances: The opportunities an individual has to access things like education, healthcare, housing and employment. Weber’s term – life chances are the likelihood of having a ‘good life’, strongly shaped by class position.
生活机会：个人获得教育、医疗、住房和就业等事物的机会。韦伯的术语——生活机会是拥有“好生活”的可能性，深受阶级位置影响。
Social mobility: The movement of individuals or groups between social strata, which can be upward or downward. A lift in the stratification building – some people rise, others descend, and for many, the doors never open.
社会流动：个人或群体在社会分层之间的移动，可以是向上或向下。分层大楼里的电梯——有些人上升，有些人下降，对许多人而言，门从未打开。
Meritocracy: A system where rewards and positions are based on talent and effort rather than inherited privilege. In theory, a meritocratic society is like a fair race where everyone starts on the same line – but sociologists debate if this race really is fair.
精英政治：一种基于才能和努力而非继承特权来分配奖励和职位的制度。理论上，精英社会就像一场人人站在同一起跑线的公平赛跑——但社会学家争论这场赛跑是否真的公平。
Poverty line: The minimum income level required to meet basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing. Crossing this line means falling into absolute poverty – the stark measurement of survival.
贫困线：满足食物、住所和衣物等基本需求所需的最低收入水平。越过这条线意味着陷入绝对贫困——生存的严格衡量尺度。
9. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power: The ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. It can be based on force, influence or control of resources. Imagine it as the invisible current that pushes people in a particular direction.
权力：使他人按你的意愿行事的能力，即使违背其意愿。它可以基于强制、影响或对资源的控制。想象它就是那股将人推向特定方向的无形水流。
Authority: Legitimate power – where those being controlled accept the right of the person or institution to give orders. Authority is power wearing a badge that says ‘I have the right to lead’.
权威：合法权力——被控制者接受某人或机构有权发号施令。权威是戴着徽章的权力，徽章上写着“我有权领导”。
Traditional authority: Based on long-established customs and beliefs, such as a monarchy or tribal chief. ‘We’ve always done it this way’ – authority passed down through tradition like an heirloom.
传统型权威：基于长期确立的习俗和信仰，如君主制或部落酋长。“我们一直这么做”——权威像传家宝一样通过传统传承。
Charismatic authority: Based on the personal appeal and extraordinary qualities of an individual leader. Think of a speaker who can move a crowd by sheer magnetism – power drawn from personality, not a title.
魅力型权威：基于个别领袖的个人魅力和非凡品质。想想一个仅凭吸引力就能感动人群的演讲者——权力源于个性，而非头衔。
Legal-rational authority: Based on formal rules, laws and procedures, typical of modern bureaucracies. It is the authority of the job, not the person – the police officer’s badge represents the law, not the individual wearing it.
法理型权威：基于正式规则、法律和程序，是现代科层制的典型。这是职务的权威，而非个人的——警察的徽章代表法律，而不是佩戴它的个人。
10. Media and Society | 媒体与社会
Mass media: Forms of communication that reach large audiences simultaneously, including television, newspapers, radio and the internet. Think of a giant electronic loudspeaker that broadcasts messages to millions at once.
大众媒体：能够同时到达大量受众的传播形式，包括电视、报纸、广播和互联网。想象一只巨大的电子扩音器，将信息同时广播给数百万受众。
Media representation: The way the media presents and constructs images of different social groups, such as age, gender or ethnicity. It is like a painter’s brush that can either capture a realistic portrait or create a distorted caricature.
媒体再现：媒体呈现和构建不同社会群体（如年龄、性别或种族）形象的方式。如同画家的画笔，可以画出现实肖像，也可以画出扭曲的漫画。
Selective reporting: The process by which media choose which events to cover and how to present them, shaping public perception. It is editing reality – some stories make the front page, others are never told.
选择性报道：媒体选择报道哪些事件以及如何呈现的过程，从而塑造公众认知。这是编辑现实——有些故事登上头版，有的永不为人知。
Moral entrepreneurship: The activity of individuals or groups who try to create or enforce moral rules in society. A moral crusader campaigns to change the law or public opinion, acting like a social ‘referee’ with a strong personal rulebook.
道德事业家：试图在社会中创建或执行道德规则的个人或群体的活动。道德斗士为改变法律或舆论而奔走，像一个拿着强烈个人规则手册的社会“裁判”。
Digital divide: The gap between those who have access to digital technology and the internet and those who do not. Imagine a bridge with a toll gate – only those who can pay or have the skills get to cross into the digital world.
数字鸿沟：拥有数字技术和互联网接入者与不拥有者之间的差距。想象一座有收费站的桥——只有能付费或有技能的人才能跨入数字世界。
Hypodermic syringe model: A theory that suggests the media injects ideas directly into a passive audience, like a drug, causing an immediate effect. The audience is like an arm that simply absorbs whatever is injected – simple and direct but highly criticised.
皮下注射器模式：一种认为媒体像药物一样将思想直接注射进被动受众体内、立即产生效果的理论。受众就像一只手臂，单地吸收注入的所有内容——简单直接，但饱受批评。
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