Year 13 CCEA Physical Education: A Quick Guide to Key Terms and Vocabulary | Year 13 CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 CCEA Physical Education: A Quick Guide to Key Terms and Vocabulary | Year 13 CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the specific terminology used in CCEA A‑level Physical Education is essential for achieving high marks in both exam essays and topic analyses. This guide collates the key terms from exercise physiology, biomechanics, sports psychology, skill acquisition and socio‑cultural studies that appear frequently on Year 13 papers. Each term is explained clearly, followed by its Chinese equivalent, so you can build a robust bilingual vocabulary bank. Use the memory tips and classifications to speed up your revision and ensure you can define, apply and evaluate these concepts under timed conditions.

掌握 CCEA A‑level 体育课程中的专业术语，是在考试论述和专题分析中获取高分的基础。本指南汇集了运动生理学、生物力学、运动心理学、技能获得及社会文化研究中频繁出现的年度核心词汇。每一个术语均配有清晰的英文解释与对应的中文翻译，帮助你构建牢靠的双语词汇库。请结合记忆提示和分类方法加速复习，确保你能在限时条件下准确地定义、运用并评析这些概念。

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1. Exercise Physiology Terms | 运动生理学术语

Aerobic capacity represents the maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in, transport and use during prolonged exercise. It is commonly measured as VO₂ max and is a key determinant of endurance performance.

有氧能力指身体在长时间运动中可摄取、运输及利用的最大氧气量，通常以最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）来衡量，是耐力运动表现的关键决定因素。

Lactate threshold is the exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the blood faster than it can be removed. Training at or near this threshold delays fatigue and improves performance in middle‑distance events.

乳酸阈是运动强度达到一定水平时，乳酸在血液中积聚速度快于清除速度的转折点。围绕此强度训练能够延缓疲劳，提升中距离项目表现。

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per heartbeat. Endurance training increases stroke volume, allowing a lower resting heart rate and more efficient oxygen delivery.

每搏输出量指左心室每次心跳泵出的血量。耐力训练能增大每搏输出量，从而使安静心率降低，氧气输送效率更高。

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2. Energy Systems Vocabulary | 能量系统词汇

ATP‑PC system (alactic anaerobic) provides immediate energy for high‑intensity bursts lasting up to 10 seconds. It uses stored phosphocreatine (PC) to resynthesise ATP without oxygen and without producing lactic acid.

ATP‑PC 系统（无乳酸无氧系统）为持续最长达10秒的高强度爆发动作提供即时能量。它利用储存的磷酸肌酸（PC）在无氧、不产生乳酸的情况下快速再合成ATP。

Anaerobic glycolytic system dominates efforts from about 10 to 90 seconds. Glucose is broken down without oxygen to form ATP, producing pyruvate which is converted to lactic acid, causing muscle acidity and fatigue.

无氧糖酵解系统主导约10秒至90秒的运动。葡萄糖在缺氧条件下分解生成ATP，同时产生丙酮酸并转化为乳酸，导致肌肉酸度升高和疲劳。

Aerobic system is the primary pathway during prolonged, low‑ to moderate‑intensity exercise. It oxidises carbohydrates and fats in the mitochondria, yielding large quantities of ATP, water and carbon dioxide. This system supports endurance activities beyond 2–3 minutes.

有氧系统是长时间、中低强度运动中的主要供能途径。它在线粒体中氧化碳水化合物和脂肪，生成大量ATP、水和二氧化碳，支撑超过2至3分钟的耐力活动。

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3. Biomechanics Concepts | 生物力学概念

Centre of mass is the point where the body’s mass is evenly distributed in all directions. In sports, manipulating the centre of mass affects balance, stability and flight trajectory.

质心是身体质量在各方向上均匀分布的中心点。在运动中，调整质心位置将影响平衡、稳定性和腾空轨迹。

Moment of inertia describes a body’s resistance to angular rotation. Tucking limbs during a dive reduces the moment of inertia, increasing angular velocity and allowing faster somersaults.

转动惯量描述物体对旋转运动的抵抗。跳水时收拢四肢可减小转动惯量，增加角速度，使空翻更迅速。

Impulse is the product of force and the time over which it acts. By increasing impulse—applying force over a longer contact time—athletes can generate larger changes in momentum, such as a longer jump take‑off.

冲量为力与其作用时间的乘积。通过延长施力时间增大冲量，运动员可以产生更大的动量变化，比如更长的跳跃起跳。

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4. Levers and Planes | 杠杆与平面

First‑class lever has the fulcrum between the effort and the load, e.g., the neck joint when nodding the head. This lever type can provide either speed or strength advantage depending on the fulcrum position.

第一类杠杆的支点位于施力点和负荷之间，如点头时的颈椎关节。根据支点位置，此类杠杆既可提供速度优势也可提供力量优势。

Second‑class lever places the load between the fulcrum and the effort, as in standing calf raises. It always offers a mechanical advantage, favouring force production over speed.

第二类杠杆的负荷位于支点和施力点之间，比如站立提踵。它始终具有机械优势，有利于产生力量而非速度。

Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves. Movements such as sprinting forward and bicep curls occur in this plane around a frontal axis.

矢状面将身体分为左右两部分。向前冲刺、肱二头肌弯举等动作均发生在此平面内，围绕额状轴进行。

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5. Skill Acquisition Terms | 技能获得术语

Open skill is performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must react to external factors, e.g., a football pass during open play. Closed skills occur in stable, predictable settings.

开放式技能是在不可预测、持续变化的环境中完成的，运动员需要对外部因素做出反应，如比赛中的足球传球。闭合式技能则在稳定、可预测的环境下执行。

Whole‑part‑whole practice involves attempting the complete skill, isolating a weak component for focused drill, and then reintegrating it into the full movement. It is effective for low‑organisation skills.

完整‑分解‑完整练习法先尝试完整动作，再针对薄弱环节进行分解练习，最后重新整合到完整动作中。该方法对低组织性技能特别有效。

Schema theory proposes that motor programmes are not stored as fixed sequences but as generalised rules. Learners develop recall schema (to initiate movement) and recognition schema (to evaluate feedback), making adaptation possible.

图式理论提出运动程序并非以固定序列储存，而是作为通用规则存在。学习者发展出回忆图式（启动动作）和再认图式（评估反馈），从而实现动作适应。

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6. Sports Psychology Vocabulary | 运动心理学词汇

Intrinsic motivation refers to engagement in sport for the inherent satisfaction and enjoyment it brings, such as pride in mastering a new skill. Extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards like trophies or praise.

内在动机指因运动本身带来的内在满足和乐趣而参与，例如掌握新技能后的自豪感。外在动机则依赖奖杯、表扬等外部奖励。

Catastrophe theory combines physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety. It predicts that performance will suddenly drop if a performer experiences high somatic anxiety alongside high cognitive anxiety, beyond an optimal threshold.

突变理论结合了生理唤醒和认知焦虑，预测当运动员同时经历高躯体焦虑和高认知焦虑并超过最佳阈值时，运动表现会突然大幅下降。

Attribution theory examines how individuals explain success and failure. Weiner’s model uses dimensions of locus (internal/external), stability and controllability to predict future motivation and emotional responses.

归因理论研究人们如何解释成功与失败。韦纳的模型使用原因源（内部/外部）、稳定性和可控性维度，预测未来的动机和情绪反应。

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7. Arousal and Anxiety Regulation | 唤醒与焦虑调节

Drive theory suggests a linear relationship between arousal and performance, where higher arousal leads to better performance for well‑learned, gross skills. However, it fails to explain the decline of fine skills under pressure.

驱力理论提出唤醒与表现呈线性关系，对熟练的大肌肉群技能而言，高唤醒带来更好表现，但无法解释精细技能在高压下表现下降的现象。

Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR) involves systematically tensing and relaxing muscle groups to reduce somatic anxiety. It helps athletes lower heart rate and muscle tension before competition.

渐进式肌肉放松通过系统地紧张与放松各个肌群来降低躯体焦虑，有助于运动员赛前降低心率和肌肉紧张度。

Self‑efficacy is the belief in one’s own ability to organise and execute the actions required in a specific situation. Bandura highlighted performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and emotional control as its main sources.

自我效能感是对自己在特定情境中组织和执行所需行为的能力的信念。班杜拉指出，表现成就、替代经验、言语说服和情绪控制是其四大来源。

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8. Socio‑Cultural Influences | 社会文化影响

Socialisation is the process by which individuals acquire the norms, values and attitudes associated with sport in their culture. Primary socialisation occurs within the family, while secondary socialisation involves peers, school and media.

社会化是个体习得自身文化中与体育相关的规范、价值观和态度的过程。初级社会化发生在家庭中，次级社会化则涉及同伴、学校和媒体。

Commercialisation turns sport into a marketable product. It involves sponsorship, media rights and merchandise sales, which can increase funding but may also shift focus from participation to entertainment and profit.

商业化将体育变为可营销的商品，涉及赞助、转播权和商品销售。它能增加资金，但也可能使重心从参与转向娱乐和盈利。

Deviance in sport refers to behaviour that goes against the accepted norms or rules, such as doping or cheating. It can be distinguished from positive deviance, which involves over‑conformity to the sport ethic, e.g., training through injury.

体育中的越轨行为指违背公认规范或规则的行为，如服用兴奋剂或作弊。与积极越轨不同，后者指过度遵从运动伦理的行为，如带伤训练。

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9. Performance Analysis and Technology | 运动表现分析与技术

Notational analysis is a quantitative method that records key events in a performance using tally charts or software, for example tracking shot locations or pass outcomes. It provides objective data to identify patterns and tactical trends.

符号分析法是一种通过统计图表或软件记录比赛中关键事件的量化方法，例如追踪射门位置或传球结果，提供客观数据以识别比赛模式和战术趋势。

Bio‑mechanical analysis uses motion capture, force plates and EMG to evaluate technique efficiency and injury risk. It helps coaches correct joint angles and force application during complex skills.

生物力学分析运用动作捕捉、测力台和肌电图等技术评估技术效率与损伤风险，帮助教练在复杂技能中纠正关节角度和施力方式。

GPS tracking is widely used in team sports to monitor player load, distance covered at different speed zones and accelerations. This data informs training load management and reduces overtraining risk.

GPS追踪广泛应用于团队项目，监测球员负荷、不同速度区间的跑动距离及加速度，为训练负荷管理提供依据并降低过度训练风险。

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10. Training Principles and Methods | 训练原则与方法

Periodisation is the systematic planning of training cycles. Macro‑cycles cover the whole season, meso‑cycles last several weeks, and micro‑cycles represent weekly schedules. It helps peak performance for key competitions.

周期化训练是对训练周期的系统性规划，大周期覆盖整个赛季，中周期持续数周，小周期则为周计划。这有助于运动员在关键比赛中达到最佳表现。

Plyometric training uses stretch‑shortening cycles in exercises like depth jumps and bounding. It develops explosive power by improving the rate of force production and muscle stiffness.

增强式训练利用跳深、跨步跳等练习中的拉长‑缩短周期，通过提高发力率和肌肉刚度来发展爆发力。

FITT principle stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type. It is the framework for designing an effective training programme and ensuring progressive overload across all fitness components.

FITT 原则代表频度、强度、时间与类型，是设计有效训练方案、确保所有体适能组成部分渐进超负荷的框架。

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11. Health and Fitness Components | 健康与体适能组成

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen‑rich blood to working muscles during sustained activity. It underpins aerobic performance and overall health.

心血管耐力指心脏和肺部在持续活动中向工作肌肉供应富氧血液的能力，是有氧运动表现和整体健康的基础。

Muscular endurance is the capacity of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a low resistance over an extended period. It is trained through light weights and high repetitions.

肌肉耐力是某一肌群在较长时间内对抗低阻力重复收缩的能力，通过轻负荷、高次数训练来发展。

Flexibility refers to the range of movement possible at a joint. Static, dynamic and PNF stretching methods are used to improve flexibility, enhance performance and prevent injuries.

柔韧性指关节可达到的运动范围。静态、动态和PNF拉伸法均用于提高柔韧性、改善表现并预防损伤。

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12. Memory and Feedback Systems | 记忆与反馈系统

Working memory temporarily holds and manipulates information during decision‑making in sport, such as assessing passing options. Its limited capacity means that novice performers can be easily overloaded by complex situations.

工作记忆在运动决策过程中暂时储存和处理信息，如评估传球选择。由于其容量有限，新手在复杂情况下容易超载。

Long‑term memory stores well‑learned motor programmes and tactical patterns. Through rehearsal and chunking, athletes can retrieve these automatically, freeing working memory for strategic thinking.

长时记忆储存熟练掌握的运动程序和战术模式。通过反复演练和组块化，运动员可以自动提取这些信息，从而释放工作记忆进行策略思考。

Knowledge of performance (KP) is a type of extrinsic feedback focused on the quality and technique of the movement, for example a coach’s comment on arm pull in swimming. It is more beneficial than simple knowledge of results when learning complex skills.

表现知晓是一种关注动作质量和技术的外在反馈，例如教练对游泳划臂的点评。在复杂技能学习中，它比单纯的结果知晓更有效。

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